Replacing based on position in string

Question

Is there a way using regex to replace characters in a string based on position?

For instance, one of my rewrite rules for a project I’m working on is “replace o with ö if o is the next-to-last vowel and even numbered (counting left to right).”

So, for example:

• heabatoik would become heabatöik (o is the next-to-last vowel, as well as the fourth vowel)
• habatoik would not change (o is the next-to-last vowel, but is the third vowel)

Is this possible using preg_replace in PHP?

Answer 1

Starting with the beginning of the subject string, you want to match 2n + 1 vowels followed by an o, but only if the o is followed by exactly one more vowel:

$str = preg_replace(
  '/^((?:(?:[^aeiou]*[aeiou]){2})*)' .  # 2n vowels, n >= 0
    '([^aeiou]*[aeiou][^aeiou]*)' .     # odd-numbered vowel
    'o' .                               # even-numbered vowel is o
    '(?=[^aeiou]*[aeiou][^aeiou]*$)/',  # exactly one more vowel
  '$1$2ö',
  'heaeafesebatoik');

To do the same but for an odd-numbered o, match 2n leading vowels rather than 2n + 1:

$str = preg_replace(
  '/^((?:(?:[^aeiou]*[aeiou]){2})*)' .  # 2n vowels, n >= 0
    '([^aeiou]*)' .                     # followed by non-vowels
    'o' .                               # odd-numbered vowel is o
    '(?=[^aeiou]*[aeiou][^aeiou]*$)/',  # exactly one more vowel
  '$1$2ö',
  'habatoik');

If one doesn't match, then it performs no replacement, so it's safe to run them in sequence if that's what you're trying to do.

Answer 2

You can use preg_match_all to split the string into vowel/non-vowel parts and process that.

e.g. something like

preg_match_all("/(([aeiou])|([^aeiou]+)*/",
    $in,
    $out, PREG_PATTERN_ORDER);

Depending on your specific needs, you may need to modify the placement of ()*+? in the regex.