Python logging using a decorator

Question

This is the first example we meet when we face with decorators. But I'm not able to realize what exactly I would like.

A simple decorator named LOG. It should work like this:

@LOG def f(a, b=2, *c, **d):     pass 

And the result should be something like:

f(1, pippo=4, paperino='luca') ===== Enter f ===== a = 1 b = 2 pippo = 4 paperino = luca ===== Exit f ===== 

Where every argument passed as a parameter to the function is showed with its value.

I discovered that the problem is harder than I thought, mainly because of the many different ways you can pass arguments to a function (think about tuples with *c or dictionaries with **d).

I tried a solution but I'm not sure it's correct. It' somethink like this:

def LOG(fn):     import inspect     varList, _, _, default = inspect.getargspec(fn)     d = {}     if default is not None:         d = dict((varList[-len(default):][i], v) for i, v in enumerate(default))     def f(*argt, **argd):         print ('Enter %s' % fn).center(100, '=')         d.update(dict((varList[i], v) for i, v in enumerate(argt)))         d.update(argd)         for c in d.iteritems():             print '%s = %s' % c         ret = fn(*argt, **argd)         print 'return: %s' % ret         print ('Exit %s' % fn).center(100, '=')         return ret     return f 

I think it's not so easy as I expected, but it's strange I didn't found what I wanted on Google.

Can you tell me if my solution is ok? Or can you suggest a better solution to the problem I proposed?

Thank you to everybody.

Answer 1

The only thing I noticed is that the dict((varList[i], v) for i, v in enumerate(argt)) construct you used twice is actually dict(zip(varList,argt)).

Other than that i only have meta-criticism: None of the above belong in a logfile.

Instead of going trough the logs to

• see if functions are called with the correct args you use asserts and a debugger.
• see if function return the correct results you write unittests.

Answer 2

Everyhing is ok in your function. You seem to be lost with positional vs variable&keyword arguments.

Let me explain: positional arguments, a and b in your case, are obligatory (and may have default values). Other arguments are optional. If you want to make an argument obligatory or to have a default value, put it before *args and **kwargs. But remember that you can't supply an argument twice:

def x(a = 1, b = 2, *args, **kwargs):     print a, b, args, kwargs  >>> x(3, 4, 5, b=6) TypeError: x() got multiple values for keyword argument 'b' 

There's another way, but not that readable, to have default values for arguments and have no positional args:

def x(*args, **kwargs):     kwargs.updae({'a': 1, 'b': 2}) 

Your function that analyses the arguments is ok, though I don't understand why you write varargs and keywords into _. It passes arguments transparently:

def x(a = 1, b = 2, *args, **kwargs):     print a, b, args, kwargs  def y(*args, **kwargs):     x(*args, **kwargs)  >>> y(3, 4, 5, 6) 3 4 (5, 6) {}  >>> y(3, 4, 5, b=6) TypeError: x() got multiple values for keyword argument 'b'