Python design pattern for many conditions

Question

What is the recommended structure to write validate functions with many conditions? See these two examples. The first looks ugly, the second isn't very common, perhaps because assert is generally used to rule out unexpected behaviour. Are there better alternatives?

def validate(val):
  if cond1(val):
    return False
  if cond2(val):
    return False
  if cond3(val)
    return False
  return True

Or

def validate(val):
  try:
    assert cond1(val)
    assert cond2(val)
    assert cond3(val)
    return True
  except AssertionError:
    return False

Answer 1

A compact way to write that function is to use any and a generator expression:

def validate(val):
    conditions = (cond1, cond2, cond3)
    return not any(cond(val) for cond in conditions)

The any and all functions short-circuit, so they'll stop testing as soon as they have a definite result, i.e., any stops as soon as it hits a True-ish value, all stops as soon as it hits a False-ish value, so this form of testing is quite efficient.

I should also mention that it's much more efficient to pass a generator expression like this to all / any than a list comprehension. Because all / any stop testing as soon as they get a valid result, if you feed them from a generator then the generator will stop too, thus in the above code if cond(val) evaluates to a True-ish value no further conditions will be tested. But if you pass all / any a list comprehension, eg any([cond(val) for cond in conditions]) the whole list has to be be built before all / any can even start testing.

---

You haven't shown us the internal structure of your cond functions, but you did mention assert in your question, so I feel that the following remarks are in order here.

As I mentioned in the comments, assert should not be used to validate data, it's used to validate program logic. (Also, assertion-handling can be disabled via an -O command line option). The correct Exception to use for data with invalid values is ValueError, and for objects that are the wrong type, use TypeError. But bear in mind that exceptions are designed to handle situations that are exceptional.

If you expect a lot of malformed data then it's generally more efficient to use if based logic than exceptions. Python exception-handling is quite fast if the exception isn't actually raised, in fact it's faster than the equivalent if based code. However, if the exception is raised say more than 5-10% of the time, then the try...except based code will be noticeably slower than the if based equivalent.

Of course, sometimes using exceptions is the only sensible option, even though the situation isn't all that exceptional. A classic example is when you're converting a collection of numeric strings to actual numeric objects, so that strings that represent integers get converted to integer objects, other numeric strings get converted to floats, and other strings get left as strings. The standard way to do this in Python involves using exceptions. For example:

def convert(s):
    ''' Convert s to int or float, if possible '''
    try:
        return int(s)
    except ValueError:
        try:
            return float(s)
        except ValueError:
            return s

data = ['42', 'spam', '2.99792458E8']
out = [convert(u) for u in data]
print(out)
print([type(u) for u in out])

output

[42, 'spam', 299792458.0]
[<class 'int'>, <class 'str'>, <class 'float'>]

Using "Look Before You Leap" logic here is possible here, but it makes the code more complicated because you need to deal with possible minus signs and scientific notation.

Answer 2

def valid(value):
    return (is_this(value)
            and that(value)
            and other(value))

and operator exhibits "short-circuit" behavior in Python.