Plotting a number of inequalities as planes

Question

I would like to plot a number of planes, each is an inequality. After I have plottet all the planes, I would like to have them combined, and color the area inside these lines. Image drawing a lot of 3d lines and coloring the area inside - this is what I am trying to do.

My data looks like this:

df <- structure(list(z = c(0, 0.06518, 0.08429, -0.01659, 0, 0.06808, 
0.12383, -1, -0.01662, 0.28782, 0, -0.09539, 0.04255, 0.09539, 
-0.13361, -0.28782, -0.14468, -0.19239, 0.10642), x = c(1, 0.02197, 
0.03503, -0.02494, 0, 0.04138, 0.17992, 0, -0.02482, 0.1122, 
0, 0.01511, 0.0011, -0.01511, -0.06699, -0.1122, -0.06876, 0.12078, 
0.10201), y = c(0, 0.08735, 0.09927, 0.03876, -1, 0.22114, -0.00152, 
0, 0.03811, -0.07335, 0, -0.03025, 0.07681, 0.03025, -0.23922, 
0.07335, -0.25362, -0.09879, 0.05804), value = c(5801L, 135L, 
162L, 109L, 4250L, 655L, 983L, 4500L, 108L, 1594L, 4400L, 540L, 
147L, 323L, 899L, 1023L, 938L, 1627L, 327L)), .Names = c("z", 
"x", "y", "value"), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA, -19L
))

Each row represents a equation of the form: z + x + y < value. x is the horizontale value, y is the vertical and z is the depth. z can be is solved to be: -x - y + value > z.

The limits of the coordinate system are:

x <- z <- seq(-6000, 6000, by = 1)
y <- seq(-4000, 4000, by = 1)

So, from each row I would like to draw a plane. Then I would like to combine all these planes, and fill out the values inside the lines. The result should look like a multi-side unequal dice. Or an ugly cut diamond.

I've been playing around with both the rgl and persp functions, but I am not sure where to even start. I am open to other software recommendations.

Leaning on one of the examples from persp3d:

x <- seq(-6000, 6000, by = 1)
z <- x 
y <- seq(-4000, 4000, by = 1)

f <- function(x, y) <- { r <- -x - y + value > z } # stuck here, can you handle an inequality here?
z <- outer(x, y, f)
open3d()
bg3d("white")
material3d(col = "black")
persp3d(x, y, z, col = "lightblue",
        xlab = "X", ylab = "Y", zlab = "z")

I recognize it is quite large limits. If it helps to reduce them, feel free, or to increase the sequence(..., by = ).

Answer 1

You can save a whole lot on computation time by taking advantage of some matrix multiplication.

library(dplyr)
library(geometry)
library(rgl)

# define point grid
r <- 50   # resolution
grid <- expand.grid(
  x = seq(-6000, 6000, by = r),
  y = seq(-4000, 4000, by = r),
  z = seq(-6000, 6000, by = r))  # data.table::CJ(x,y,z) if speed is a factor

# get points satisfying every inequality
toPlot <- df %>% 
  select(x, y, z) %>% 
  data.matrix %>% 
  `%*%`(t(grid)) %>%
  `<`(df$value) %>% 
  apply(2, all)

## Alternative way to get points (saves time avoiding apply)
toPlot2 <-
  colSums(data.matrix(df[, c('x', 'y', 'z')]) %*% t(grid) < df$value) == nrow(df)

Since you don't need the interior, reduce the points to their convex hull, and just plot the surface.

# get convex hull, print volume
gridPoints <- grid[toPlot, ]
hull <- convhulln(gridPoints, "FA")
hull$vol
#> 285767854167

# plot (option 1: colors as in picture)
apply(hull$hull, 1, function(i) gridPoints[i, ]) %>% 
  lapply(rgl.triangles, alpha = .8, color = gray.colors(5))

## plot (option 2: extract triangles first - much faster avoiding apply)
triangles <- gridPoints[c(t(hull$hull)), ]
rgl.triangles(triangles, alpha=0.8, color=gray.colors(3))

---

Giving this weird melted ice cube kind of thing:

Answer 2

You can create a function factory that takes in a data.frame of inequalities (df), and returns a function that:

1. Takes three values (x, y, z)
2. Returns false if any of the inequalities loaded do not hold

Factory:

eval_gen <- function(a,b,c,d){
  force(a); force(b); force(c); force(d)
  check <- function(x,y,z){
    bool <- T
    for (i in 1:length(a)){
      bool <- bool && (a[i] * x + b[i] * y + c[i] * z < d[i])
    }
    return(bool)
  }
}

We then load in the inequality dataframe, creating the function:

ueq_test <- eval_gen(df$x,df$y,df$z,df$value) #load the inequalities

Now all we need to do is create a grid, and colour in if all the inequalities hold:

library(data.table)
library(rgl)

#Note, you can change the resolution by changing the `by` argument here, I've set to 100 to keep computation time and object size manageable

lx <- lz <- seq(-6000, 6000, by = 100)
ly <- seq(-4000, 4000, by = 100)
df_pixels <- data.table(setNames(expand.grid(lx, ly, lz), c("x", "y", "z")))
df_pixels[, Ind := 1:.N]
df_pixels[, Equal := ueq_test(x,y,z), by = Ind]
df_pixels[Equal == T, colour := "red"]

Plot to rgl:

with(df_pixels[Equal == T, ], plot3d(x=x, y=y, z=z, col= colour, type="p", size=5, 
                                     xlim = c(-6000,6000),
                                     ylim = c(-4000,4000),
                                     zlim = c(-6000,6000)
                                     ))

Which gives: