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After seeing this question on how to recreate this graph from the economist in ggplot2, I decided to attempt this myself from scratch (since no code or data was provided), as I found this quite interesting.
Here is what I have managed to do so far:
I was able to do this with relative ease. However, I am struggling with putting pie charts. Because ggplot uses cartesian coordinates to make pie charts, I can't have bars and pies on the same graph. So I discovered geom_arc_bar() from ggforce, which does allow pies on cartesian coordinate system. However, the issue is with coord_fixed(). I can get the pies to align but I cannot get the circular shape without coord_fixed(). However, with coord_fixed(), I can't get the graph to match the height of Economist graph. Without coord_fixed() I can, but the pies are ovals rather than circles. See below:
With coord_fixed():
Without coord_fixed():
The other option that I have tried is to make a series of pie charts separately and then combine the plots together. However, I struggled to get the plots aligned with gridExtra and other alternatives. I did combining with paint. Obviously this works, but is not programmatic. I need a solution that is 100% based in R.
My solution with pasting separate images from R in paint:
Anybody with a solution to this problem? I think it is an interesting question to answer and I have provided a starting point. I am open to any suggestions, also feel free to suggest an entirely different approach, as I acknowledge that mine is not the best. Thanks!
CODE:
# packages
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
library(forcats)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggforce)
library(ggnewscale)
library(ggtext)
library(showtext)
library(stringr)
# data
global <- fread("Sector,ROE,Share,Status
Technology,14.2,10,Local
Technology,19,90,Multinational
Other consumer,16.5,77,Multinational
Other consumer,20.5,23,Local
Industrial,13,70,Multinational
Industrial,18,30,Local
Cyclical consumer,12,77,Multinational
Cyclical consumer,21,23,Local
Utilities,6,88,Local
Utilities,11,12,Multinational
All sectors,10,50,Local
All sectors,10.2,50,Multinational
Financial,6,27,Multinational
Financial,10.5,73,Local
Diversified,4.9,21,Local
Diversified,5,79,Multinational
Basic materials,4,82,Multinational
Basic materials,9,18,Local
Media & communications,3,76,Multinational
Media & communications,14,24,Local
Energy,-1,40,Local
Energy,1,60,Multinational
")
equity <- global %>%
group_by(Sector) %>%
mutate(xend = ifelse(min(ROE) > 0, 0, min(ROE)))
equity$Sector <- factor(equity$Sector, levels= rev(c("Technology", "Other consumer",
"Industrial", "Cyclical consumer",
"Utilities", "All sectors", "Financial",
"Diversified", "Basic materials",
"Media & communications", "Energy")))
equity$Status <- factor(equity$Status, levels = c("Multinational", "Local"))
# fonts
font_add_google("Montserrat", "Montserrat")
font_add_google("Roboto", "Roboto")
# scaling text for high res image
img_scale <- 5.5
# graph
showtext_auto() # for montserrat font to show
economist <- ggplot(equity)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = -2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_segment(aes(x = ROE, xend = xend, y = Sector, yend = Sector, color = "line"),
show.legend = FALSE, size = 2)+
geom_tile(aes(x = ROE, y = Sector, width = 1, height = 0.5, fill = Status),
size = 0.5)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 0, color = "x-axis"), show.legend = FALSE)+
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#ea5f47", "Multinational" = "#0a5268"))+
scale_color_manual(values = c("x-axis" = "red", "+-" = "#cddee6", "line" = "#a8adb3"))+
scale_x_continuous(position = "top", limits = c(-5, 25),
breaks = c(-5, -2.5, 0, 2.5, 5,10,15,20,25),
labels = c(5, "-", 0, "+", 5,10,15,20,25),
minor_breaks = c(-2.5, 2.5)
)+
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_replace_all(x, "& c" , "&\nc"))+
#width = 40))+
labs(x = "", y = "", caption = c("Sources: Bloomberg;",
"The Economist",
"<span style='font-size:80px;
color:#292929;'><sup>*</sup></span>Top 500 global companies"))+
ggtitle("The price of being global",
subtitle = "Return on equity<span style='font-size:80px;color:#292929;'>*</span>, latest 12 months, %")+
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.direction = "vertical",
legend.justification = -1.25,
legend.key.size = unit(0.18, "cm"),
legend.key.height = unit(0.1, "cm"),
legend.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
legend.text = element_text("Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale),
plot.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
plot.margin = margin(t = 10, r = 10, b = 20, l = 10),
panel.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale,
colour = "black"),
axis.text.y = element_text(hjust = 0, lineheight = 0.15,
face = c(rep("plain",5), "bold.italic", rep("plain",5))
),
#axis.text.x = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 9*img_scale,)
plot.title = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 12 * img_scale,
face = "bold",
hjust = -34.12),
text = element_text(family = "Montserrat"),
plot.subtitle = element_markdown(family = "Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale,
hjust = 7.5),
plot.caption = element_markdown(size = 9*img_scale,
face = c("plain", "italic", "plain"),
hjust = c(-1.35, -1.85, -2.05),
vjust = c(0,0.75,0)))
# only way to get google fonts on plot (R device does not show them)
png("bar.png", height = 480*8, width = 250*8, res = 72*8) # increased resolution (dpi)
economist
dev.off()
# piechart
pies <- equity %>%
mutate(Sector = fct_rev(Sector)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "", y = Share, fill = Status, width = 0.15)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = position_fill(), show.legend = FALSE, size = 0.1) +
# geom_text(aes(label = Cnt), position = position_fill(vjust = 0.5)) +
coord_polar(theta = "y", direction = -1) +
facet_wrap(~ Sector, dir = "v", ncol = 1) +
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#93b7c7", "Multinational" = "#08526b"))+
#theme_void()+
theme(panel.spacing = unit(-0.35, "lines"),
plot.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
panel.background = element_rect("transparent"),
strip.text = element_blank(),
axis.title.x = element_blank(),
axis.title.y = element_blank(),
legend.position='none',
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank())
# guides(fill=guide_legend(nrow=2, byrow=TRUE))
png("pie_chart.png", height = 350*8, width = 51*8, res = 72*8)
pies
dev.off()
# geom_bar_arc (ggforce) with coord_fixed - cannot match height but pies are circular
eco_circle_pies <- ggplot(equity)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = -2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_segment(aes(x = ROE, xend = xend, y = Sector, yend = Sector, color = "line"),
show.legend = FALSE, size = 1)+
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#ea5f47", "Multinational" = "#0a5268"))+
geom_tile(aes(x = ROE, y = Sector, width = 1, height = 0.5, fill = Status),
size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 0, color = "x-axis"), show.legend = FALSE)+
new_scale_fill()+
geom_arc_bar(aes(x0 = 27, y0 = as.numeric(equity$Sector), r0 = 0, r = 0.45,
amount = Share,
fill = Status),
stat = 'pie',
color = "transparent",
show.legend = FALSE)+
coord_fixed()+
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#93b7c7", "Multinational" = "#08526b"))+
scale_color_manual(values = c("x-axis" = "red", "+-" = "#cddee6", "line" = "#a8adb3"))+
scale_x_continuous(position = "top", limits = c(-5, 30),
breaks = c(-5, -2.5, 0, 2.5, 5,10,15,20,25),
labels = c(5, "-", 0, "+", 5,10,15,20,25),
minor_breaks = c(-2.5, 2.5)
)+
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_replace_all(x, "& c" , "&\nc"))+
# below is to get * superscript
labs(x = "", y = "", caption = c("Sources: Bloomberg;",
"<span style='font-style:italic;font-color:#292929'>The Economist</span>",
"<span style='font-size:80px;
color:#292929;'><sup>*</sup></span>Top 500 global companies"))+ # this is to get
ggtitle("The price of being global",
subtitle = "Return on equity<span style='font-size:80px;color:#292929;'>*</span>, latest 12 months, %")+
guides(color = FALSE)+
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.direction = "vertical",
# legend.justification = -0.9,
legend.key.size = unit(0.18, "cm"),
legend.key.height = unit(0.1, "cm"),
legend.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
legend.text = element_text("Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale),
plot.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
# plot.margin = margin(t = -80, r = 10, b = -20, l = 10),
panel.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale,
colour = "black"),
axis.text.y = element_text(hjust = 0, lineheight = 0.15),
#axis.text.x = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 9*img_scale,)
plot.title = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 12 * img_scale,
hjust = -2.12),
plot.subtitle = element_markdown(family = "Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale,
hjust = -5.75),
plot.caption = element_markdown(size = 9*img_scale,
face = c("plain", "italic", "plain"),
#hjust = c(-.9, -1.22, -1.95),
#vjust = c(0,0.75,0)))
))
png("eco_circle_pies.png", height = 220*8, width = 420*8, res = 72*8)
eco_circle_pies
dev.off()
# geom_bar_arc (ggforce) without coord_fixed - matches height, but pies are oval
eco_oval_pie <- ggplot(equity)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = -2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_segment(aes(x = ROE, xend = xend, y = Sector, yend = Sector, color = "line"),
show.legend = FALSE, size = 1)+
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#ea5f47", "Multinational" = "#0a5268"))+
geom_tile(aes(x = ROE, y = Sector, width = 1, height = 0.5, fill = Status),
size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 0, color = "x-axis"), show.legend = FALSE)+
new_scale_fill()+
geom_arc_bar(aes(x0 = 27, y0 = as.numeric(equity$Sector), r0 = 0, r = 0.45,
amount = Share,
fill = Status),
stat = 'pie',
color = "transparent",
show.legend = FALSE)+
# coord_fixed()+
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#93b7c7", "Multinational" = "#08526b"))+
scale_color_manual(values = c("x-axis" = "red", "+-" = "#cddee6", "line" = "#a8adb3"))+
scale_x_continuous(position = "top", limits = c(-5, 30),
breaks = c(-5, -2.5, 0, 2.5, 5,10,15,20,25),
labels = c(5, "-", 0, "+", 5,10,15,20,25),
minor_breaks = c(-2.5, 2.5)
)+
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_replace_all(x, "& c" , "&\nc"))+
#width = 40))+
labs(x = "", y = "", caption = c("Sources: Bloomberg;",
"<span style='font-style:italic;font-color:#292929'>The Economist</span>",
"<span style='font-size:80px;
color:#292929;'><sup>*</sup></span>Top 500 global companies"))+
ggtitle("The price of being global",
subtitle = "Return on equity<span style='font-size:80px;color:#292929;'>*</span>, latest 12 months, %")+
guides(color = FALSE)+
theme(legend.position = "top",
legend.direction = "vertical",
legend.justification = -1.1,
legend.key.size = unit(0.18, "cm"),
legend.key.height = unit(0.1, "cm"),
legend.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
legend.text = element_text("Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale),
plot.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
# plot.margin = margin(t = -80, r = 10, b = -20, l = 10),
panel.background = element_rect("#cddee6"),
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.minor.x = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank(),
axis.text = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale,
colour = "black"),
axis.text.y = element_text(hjust = 0, lineheight = 0.15),
text = element_text(family = "Montserrat"),
plot.title = element_text(family = "Montserrat", size = 12 * img_scale,
face = "bold",
hjust = -7.05),
plot.subtitle = element_markdown(family = "Montserrat", size = 9 * img_scale,
hjust = 53.75),
plot.caption = element_markdown(size = 9*img_scale,
face = c("plain", "italic", "plain"),
hjust = c(-1.15, -1.58, -1.95),
vjust = c(0.5,1.15,0.5)))
png("eco_oval_pies.png", height = 480*8, width = 250*8, res = 72*8)
eco_oval_pie
dev.off()
816
In short, a pie chart can only be used if the sum of the individual parts add up to a meaningful whole, and is built for visualizing how each part contributes to that whole. Meanwhile, a bar chart can be used for a broader range of data types, not just for breaking down a whole into components.
Bar graphs are easier to make than pie charts and are also easier to read. Bar graphs are more flexible than pie charts. Both graphs can display the distribution of a categorical variable, but a bar graph can also compare any set of quantities that are measured in the same units.
THE PIECHART IS NO CAKEWALK…The bar/column chart excels at showing discrete data while comparing one data-point vs. another, while the pie chart is the classic way to show how various parts makes up a whole. Both make it easy to for readers compare values relative to each other.
You can change the type of chart you think would best represent your data at any time. To change the Clustered Column to Pie, select your chart. On the Chart Design tab, click Change Chart Type > Pie > Pie. Your new chart type will show in your spreadsheet.
Here's a base figure
global <- read.csv(strip.white = TRUE, text = "Sector,ROE,Share,Status
Technology,14.2,10,Local
Technology,19,90,Multinational
Other consumer,16.5,77,Multinational
Other consumer,20.5,23,Local
Industrial,13,70,Multinational
Industrial,18,30,Local
Cyclical consumer,12,77,Multinational
Cyclical consumer,21,23,Local
Utilities,6,88,Local
Utilities,11,12,Multinational
All sectors,10,50,Local
All sectors,10.2,50,Multinational
Financial,6,27,Multinational
Financial,10.5,73,Local
Diversified,4.9,21,Local
Diversified,5,79,Multinational
Basic materials,4,82,Multinational
Basic materials,9,18,Local
Media & communications,3,76,Multinational
Media & communications,14,24,Local
Energy,-1,40,Local
Energy,1,60,Multinational")
global <- within(global, {
Sector <- factor(Sector, unique(Sector))
Status <- factor(Status, unique(Status))
})
global <- global[order(global$Sector, global$Status), ]
f <- function(x, y, z, col, lbl, xat) {
all <- grepl('All', lbl)
par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))
pie(rev(z), labels = '', clockwise = TRUE, border = NA, col = rev(col))
par(mar = c(0, 10, 0, 0))
plot.new()
plot.window(range(xat), c(-1, 1))
abline(v = xat, col = 'white', lwd = 3)
abline(v = 0, col = 'tomato3', lwd = 3)
segments(min(c(x, 0)), 0, max(x), 0, ifelse(all, 'grey50', 'grey75'), lwd = 7, lend = 1)
text(grconvertX(0.05, 'ndc'), 0, paste(strwrap(lbl, 15), collapse = '\n'),
xpd = NA, adj = 0, cex = 2, font = 1 + all * 3)
for (ii in 1:2)
segments(x[ii], -y / 2, x[ii], y / 2, col = col[ii], lwd = 7, lend = 1)
}
pdf('~/desktop/fig.pdf', height = 10, width = 7)
layout(
matrix(rev(sequence(nlevels(global$Sector) * 2)), ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE),
widths = c(5, 1)
)
cols <- c(Local = '#ea5f47', Multinational = '#08526b')
op <- par(bg = '#cddee6', oma = c(5, 6, 15, 0))
sp <- rev(split(global, global$Sector))
for (x in sp)
f(x$ROE, 1, x$Share, cols, x$Sector[1], -1:5 * 5)
axis(3, lwd = 0, cex.axis = 2)
cols <- rev(cols)
legend(
grconvertX(0.05, 'ndc'), grconvertY(0.91, 'ndc'), paste(names(cols), 'firms'),
border = NA, fill = cols, bty = 'n', xpd = NA, cex = 2
)
text(
grconvertX(0.05, 'ndc'), grconvertY(c(0.96, 0.925), 'ndc'),
c('The price of being global', 'Return on equity*, latest 12 months, %'),
font = c(2, 1), adj = 0, cex = c(3, 2), xpd = NA
)
text(
grconvertX(0.05, 'ndc'), grconvertY(0.03, 'ndc'),
'Sources: Bloomberg;\nThe Economist', xpd = NA, adj = 0, cex = 1.5
)
text(
grconvertX(0.95, 'ndc'), grconvertY(0.03, 'ndc'),
'*Top 500 global companies', xpd = NA, adj = 1, cex = 1.5
)
box('outer')
par(op)
dev.off()
131
Indeed an interesting problem. In my opinion the easiest way to get your desired result is to create two separate plots and to glue them together using the wonderful patchwork package:
Note: To focus on the main issue and to make the code more minimal I dropped all or most of your theme adjustments, ggtext styling, custom fonts, ... . Instead I relied on ggthemes::theme_economist to get close to the economist look.
# packages
library(data.table)
library(dplyr)
library(stringr)
library(forcats)
library(ggplot2)
library(patchwork)
library(ggthemes)
bars <-ggplot(equity)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = -2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 2.5, color = "+-"), show.legend = FALSE)+
geom_segment(aes(x = ROE, xend = xend, y = Sector, yend = Sector, color = "line"),
show.legend = FALSE, size = 2)+
geom_tile(aes(x = ROE, y = Sector, width = 1, height = 0.5, fill = Status),
size = 0.5)+
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = 0, color = "x-axis"), show.legend = FALSE)+
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#ea5f47", "Multinational" = "#0a5268"))+
scale_color_manual(values = c("x-axis" = "red", "+-" = "#cddee6", "line" = "#a8adb3"))+
scale_x_continuous(position = "top", limits = c(-5, 25),
breaks = c(-5, -2.5, 0, 2.5, 5,10,15,20,25),
labels = c(5, "-", 0, "+", 5,10,15,20,25),
minor_breaks = c(-2.5, 2.5)
)+
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_replace_all(x, "& c" , "&\nc"))+
labs(x = "", y = "") +
ggthemes::theme_economist() +
theme(legend.position = "top", legend.justification = "left")
pies <- equity %>%
mutate(Sector = fct_rev(Sector)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "", y = Share, fill = Status, width = 0.15)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = position_fill(), show.legend = FALSE, size = 0.1) +
coord_polar(theta = "y", direction = -1) +
facet_wrap(~ Sector, dir = "v", ncol = 1) +
scale_fill_manual("", values = c("Local" = "#93b7c7", "Multinational" = "#08526b")) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL) +
ggthemes::theme_economist() +
theme(strip.text = element_blank(), panel.spacing.y = unit(0, "pt"),
axis.text = element_blank(), , axis.ticks = element_blank(), axis.line = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major = element_blank())
bars + pies +
plot_layout(widths= c(5, 1)) +
plot_annotation(caption = c("Sources: Bloomberg;",
"The Economist", "Top 500 global companies"),
title = "The price of being global",
subtitle = "Return on equity, latest 12 months, %",
theme = theme_economist())
32
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