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This is the first question I'm posting here, so I hope I won't do anything wrong.
My question concerns the performance of modern-style C++11 loops (std::for_each, range-based for) vs old-style C++ loops (for (...; ...; ...)). From what I understood, it seems to me that the motto of modern C++ is "expressivity with no compromise on performance". Modern C++ style leads to safe, clean, and fast code with little to no performance penalty and, possibly, with a performance gain over old-style C++.
Now I've made a little test to assess how big this gain is concerning loops. First I wrote the following three functions:
using namespace std;
void foo(vector<double>& v)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); i++)
{
v[i] /= 42;
}
}
void bar(vector<double>& v)
{
for (auto& x : v)
{
x /= 42;
}
}
void wee(vector<double>& v)
{
for_each(begin(v), end(v), [] (double& x)
{
x /= 42;
});
}
Then I compared their performance by calling them this way (properly commenting/uncommenting the three lines inside main()'s loop:
vector<double> make_vector()
{
vector<double> v;
for (int i = 0; i < 30000; i++) { v.push_back(i); }
return v;
}
int main()
{
time_t start = clock();
auto v = make_vector();
for (int i = 0; i <= 50000; i++)
{
// UNCOMMENT THE FUNCTION CALL TO BE TESTED, COMMENT THE OTHERS
foo(v);
// bar(v);
// wee(v);
}
time_t end = clock();
cout << (end - start) << endl;
return 0;
}
Averaging over 10 executions of each version of the program obtained by commenting/uncommenting the lines in main()'s loop, and using the old-style loop as a baseline, the range-based for loop performs ~1.9x worse, and the loop based on std::for_each and lambdas performs ~2.3x worse.
I used Clang 3.2 to compile this, and I haven't tried MS VC11 (I'm working on WinXP).
Considering my expectation of getting comparable execution times, my questions are:
I would like to remark, that I do believe that the clarity and safety of code written in modern C++ style pay off for a possible performance loss, but I quite disagree with the statement that there is no trade-off between clarity/safety on one side and performance on the other side.
Am I missing something?
794
Range-for is as fast as possible since it caches the end iterator[citationprovided], uses pre-increment and only dereferences the iterator once.
Range-based for loop (since C++11) Executes a for loop over a range. Used as a more readable equivalent to the traditional for loop operating over a range of values, such as all elements in a container.
Use the range-based for statement to construct loops that must execute through a range, which is defined as anything that you can iterate through—for example, std::vector , or any other C++ Standard Library sequence whose range is defined by a begin() and end() .
Colon ':' is basically a operator which indicates that the y is inside x and assign the y's value to the elements of array one by one.
It looks like the difference only shows up when you do not enable optimisations in your compiler.
With Clang you can enable optimisation with the -O[0-3] flag.
150
Mankarse is right - most likely you have not enabled optimizations.
Actually on Clang they produce practically same result ASM code in main loop, and small difference in pre/post code.
I have tested four versions: hand_loop_index, hand_loop_iterator, range_based_for, for_each_algorithm
hand_loop_iterator, range_based_for and for_each_algorithm - all three do produce exactly same result ASM for full function body, only difference is in names of labels.
I.e. hand written for loop with iterators results in exactly same ASM code as range-based-for and std::for_each.
There are some differences between loop with index and loop with iterator versions.
Main loop in both cases is almost same. The only minor differece is that for iterators version(s) rdx register is used instead of rsi.
.LBB0_7: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rsi)
movupd -16(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd (%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, (%rsi)
addq $64, %rsi
addq $-8, %rdi
jne .LBB0_7
.LBB1_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB1_6
Pre/post code for index vs iterator versions has many differences, but it should not affect greatly total result timing for large enough arrays.
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void hand_loop_index(vector<double> &v)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
{
v[i] /= 42;
}
}
void hand_loop_iterator(vector<double> &v)
{
for (auto first = begin(v), last = end(v); first!=last; ++first)
{
*first /= 42;
}
}
void range_based_for(vector<double> &v)
{
for (auto &x : v)
{
x /= 42;
}
}
void for_each_algorithm(vector<double> &v)
{
for_each(begin(v), end(v), [] (double &x)
{
x /= 42;
});
}
# clang++ -std=c++1z -O3 -Wall -pedantic -pthread main.cpp -S
.text
.file "main.cpp"
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI0_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI0_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rax
movq 8(%rdi), %rcx
subq %rax, %rcx
je .LBB0_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph
sarq $3, %rcx
cmpq $1, %rcx
movl $1, %edx
cmovaq %rcx, %rdx
xorl %edi, %edi
testq %rdx, %rdx
je .LBB0_10
# BB#2: # %overflow.checked
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rdx, %r8
andq $-4, %r8
je .LBB0_9
# BB#3: # %vector.body.preheader
cmpq $1, %rcx
movl $1, %edi
cmovaq %rcx, %rdi
addq $-4, %rdi
movq %rdi, %rsi
shrq $2, %rsi
xorl %r9d, %r9d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB0_5
# BB#4: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rax), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rax), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI0_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rax)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rax)
movl $4, %r9d
.LBB0_5: # %vector.body.preheader.split
testq %rsi, %rsi
je .LBB0_8
# BB#6: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
cmpq $1, %rcx
movl $1, %edi
cmovaq %rcx, %rdi
andq $-4, %rdi
subq %r9, %rdi
leaq 48(%rax,%r9,8), %rsi
movapd .LCPI0_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB0_7: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rsi)
movupd -16(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd (%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, (%rsi)
addq $64, %rsi
addq $-8, %rdi
jne .LBB0_7
.LBB0_8:
movq %r8, %rdi
.LBB0_9: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rdx
je .LBB0_11
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB0_10: # %scalar.ph
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rax,%rdi,8), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
divsd .LCPI0_1(%rip), %xmm0
movsd %xmm0, (%rax,%rdi,8)
incq %rdi
cmpq %rcx, %rdi
jb .LBB0_10
.LBB0_11: # %._crit_edge
retq
.Lfunc_end0:
.size _Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end0-_Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI1_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI1_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rdx
movq 8(%rdi), %rax
cmpq %rax, %rdx
je .LBB1_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph.preheader
movabsq $4611686018427387900, %rsi # imm = 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
leaq -8(%rax), %rcx
subq %rdx, %rcx
shrq $3, %rcx
incq %rcx
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rcx, %r9
andq %rsi, %r9
je .LBB1_8
# BB#2: # %vector.body.preheader
andq %rcx, %rsi
leaq -4(%rsi), %rdi
movq %rdi, %r11
shrq $2, %r11
xorl %r10d, %r10d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB1_4
# BB#3: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rdx), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rdx), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI1_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rdx)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rdx)
movl $4, %r10d
.LBB1_4: # %vector.body.preheader.split
leaq (%rdx,%r9,8), %r8
testq %r11, %r11
je .LBB1_7
# BB#5: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
subq %r10, %rsi
leaq 48(%rdx,%r10,8), %rdx
movapd .LCPI1_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB1_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB1_6
.LBB1_7:
movq %r8, %rdx
movq %r9, %rdi
.LBB1_8: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rcx
je .LBB1_11
# BB#9:
movsd .LCPI1_1(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB1_10: # %.lr.ph
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rdx), %xmm1 # xmm1 = mem[0],zero
divsd %xmm0, %xmm1
movsd %xmm1, (%rdx)
addq $8, %rdx
cmpq %rdx, %rax
jne .LBB1_10
.LBB1_11: # %._crit_edge
retq
.Lfunc_end1:
.size _Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end1-_Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI2_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI2_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rdx
movq 8(%rdi), %rax
cmpq %rax, %rdx
je .LBB2_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph.preheader
movabsq $4611686018427387900, %rsi # imm = 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
leaq -8(%rax), %rcx
subq %rdx, %rcx
shrq $3, %rcx
incq %rcx
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rcx, %r9
andq %rsi, %r9
je .LBB2_8
# BB#2: # %vector.body.preheader
andq %rcx, %rsi
leaq -4(%rsi), %rdi
movq %rdi, %r11
shrq $2, %r11
xorl %r10d, %r10d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB2_4
# BB#3: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rdx), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rdx), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI2_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rdx)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rdx)
movl $4, %r10d
.LBB2_4: # %vector.body.preheader.split
leaq (%rdx,%r9,8), %r8
testq %r11, %r11
je .LBB2_7
# BB#5: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
subq %r10, %rsi
leaq 48(%rdx,%r10,8), %rdx
movapd .LCPI2_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB2_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB2_6
.LBB2_7:
movq %r8, %rdx
movq %r9, %rdi
.LBB2_8: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rcx
je .LBB2_11
# BB#9:
movsd .LCPI2_1(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB2_10: # %.lr.ph
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rdx), %xmm1 # xmm1 = mem[0],zero
divsd %xmm0, %xmm1
movsd %xmm1, (%rdx)
addq $8, %rdx
cmpq %rdx, %rax
jne .LBB2_10
.LBB2_11: # %._crit_edge
retq
.Lfunc_end2:
.size _Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end2-_Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI3_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI3_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rdx
movq 8(%rdi), %rax
cmpq %rax, %rdx
je .LBB3_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph.i.preheader
movabsq $4611686018427387900, %rsi # imm = 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
leaq -8(%rax), %rcx
subq %rdx, %rcx
shrq $3, %rcx
incq %rcx
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rcx, %r9
andq %rsi, %r9
je .LBB3_8
# BB#2: # %vector.body.preheader
andq %rcx, %rsi
leaq -4(%rsi), %rdi
movq %rdi, %r11
shrq $2, %r11
xorl %r10d, %r10d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB3_4
# BB#3: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rdx), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rdx), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI3_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rdx)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rdx)
movl $4, %r10d
.LBB3_4: # %vector.body.preheader.split
leaq (%rdx,%r9,8), %r8
testq %r11, %r11
je .LBB3_7
# BB#5: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
subq %r10, %rsi
leaq 48(%rdx,%r10,8), %rdx
movapd .LCPI3_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB3_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB3_6
.LBB3_7:
movq %r8, %rdx
movq %r9, %rdi
.LBB3_8: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rcx
je .LBB3_11
# BB#9:
movsd .LCPI3_1(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB3_10: # %.lr.ph.i
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rdx), %xmm1 # xmm1 = mem[0],zero
divsd %xmm0, %xmm1
movsd %xmm1, (%rdx)
addq $8, %rdx
cmpq %rdx, %rax
jne .LBB3_10
.LBB3_11: # %_ZSt8for_eachIN9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPdSt6vectorIdSaIdEEEEZ18for_each_algorithmR5_E3$_0ET0_T_SA_S9_.exit
retq
.Lfunc_end3:
.size _Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end3-_Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.ident "clang version 3.7.0 (tags/RELEASE_370/final 246979)"
.section ".note.GNU-stack","",@progbits
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