packaged_task hanging on operator()

Question

Compiling with gcc 4.7.2 on Ubuntu, compiled with -std=c++11 -O0 -pthread, I somehow created a deadlock in code that doesn't seem like it should ever run into that problem. I have a thread which just acquires a lock and then runs through a vector<function<void()>>, calling everything. Meanwhile, the main thread pushes std::packaged_task<int()>s onto it one-by-one and blocks on when that task's future returns. The tasks themselves are trivial (print and return).

Here is the full code. Running the app sometimes succeeds, but within a few tries will hang:

#include <iostream>
#include <future>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
#include <functional>

std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock() {
    static std::mutex mtx;
    return std::unique_lock<std::mutex>{mtx};
}

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    std::vector<std::function<void()>> messages;
    std::atomic<bool> running{true};

    std::thread thread = std::thread([&]{
        while (running) {
            auto lk = lock();
            std::cout << "[T] locked with " << messages.size() << " messages." << std::endl;
            for (auto& fn: messages) {
                fn();
            }   
            messages.clear();
        }   
    }); 

    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) {
        std::packaged_task<int()> task([=]{
            std::cout << "[T] returning " << i << std::endl;
            return i;
        }); 

        {   
            auto lk = lock();
            messages.emplace_back(std::ref(task));
        }   

        task.get_future().get();
    }   

    running = false;
    thread.join();
}

Sample output:

[T] returning 127189
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 1 messages.
[T] returning 127190
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 1 messages.
[T] returning 127191
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 0 messages.
[T] locked with 1 messages.
... hangs forever ...

What's going on? Why does the call into packaged_task::operator() hang? Where is the deadlock? Is this a gcc bug?

[update] Upon deadlock, the two threads are at:

Thread 1 (line 39 is the task.get_future().get() line):

#0  pthread_cond_wait@@GLIBC_2.3.2 () at ../nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/pthread_cond_wait.S:162
#1  0x00007feb01fe800c in __gthread_cond_wait (this=Unhandled dwarf expression opcode 0xf3
)
    at [snip]/libstdc++-v3/include/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/bits/gthr-default.h:879
#2  std::condition_variable::wait (this=Unhandled dwarf expression opcode 0xf3
) at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/libstdc++-v3/src/c++11/condition_variable.cc:52
#3  0x0000000000404aff in void std::condition_variable::wait<std::__future_base::_State_base::wait()::{lambda()#1}>(std::unique_lock<std::mutex>&, std::__future_base::_State_base::wait()::{lambda()#1}) (this=0x6111e0, __lock=..., __p=...)
    at [snip]gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/condition_variable:93
#4  0x0000000000404442 in std::__future_base::_State_base::wait (this=0x6111a8)
    at [snip]gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/future:331
#5  0x00000000004060fb in std::__basic_future<int>::_M_get_result (this=0x7fffc451daa0)
    at [snip]gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/future:601
#6  0x0000000000405488 in std::future<int>::get (this=0x7fffc451daa0)
    at [snip]gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/future:680
#7  0x00000000004024dc in main (argc=1, argv=0x7fffc451dbb8) at test.cxx:39

and Thread 2 (line 22 is the fn() line):

#0  pthread_once () at ../nptl/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/pthread_once.S:95
#1  0x00000000004020f6 in __gthread_once (__once=0x611214, __func=0x401e68 <__once_proxy@plt>)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/bits/gthr-default.h:718
#2  0x0000000000404db1 in void std::call_once<void (std::__future_base::_State_base::*)(std::function<std::unique_ptr<std::__future_base::_Result_base, std::__future_base::_Result_base::_Deleter> ()()>&, bool&), std::__future_base::_State_base* const, std::reference_wrapper<std::function<std::unique_ptr<std::__future_base::_Result_base, std::__future_base::_Result_base::_Deleter> ()()> >, std::reference_wrapper<bool> >(std::once_flag&, void (std::__future_base::_State_base::*&&)(std::function<std::unique_ptr<std::__future_base::_Result_base, std::__future_base::_Result_base::_Deleter> ()()>&, bool&), std::__future_base::_State_base* const&&, std::reference_wrapper<std::function<std::unique_ptr<std::__future_base::_Result_base, std::__future_base::_Result_base::_Deleter> ()()> >&&, std::reference_wrapper<bool>&&) (__once=..., __f=@0x7feb014fdc10)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/mutex:819
#3  0x0000000000404517 in std::__future_base::_State_base::_M_set_result(std::function<std::unique_ptr<std::__future_base::_Result_base, std::__future_base::_Result_base::_Deleter> ()()>, bool) (this=0x6111a8, __res=..., __ignore_failure=false)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/future:362
#4  0x0000000000407af0 in std::__future_base::_Task_state<int ()()>::_M_run() (this=0x6111a8)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/future:1271
#5  0x00000000004076cc in std::packaged_task<int ()()>::operator()() (this=0x7fffc451da30)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/future:1379
#6  0x000000000040745a in std::_Function_handler<void ()(), std::reference_wrapper<std::packaged_task<int ()()> > >::_M_invoke(std::_Any_data const&) (
    __functor=...) at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/functional:1956
#7  0x00000000004051f2 in std::function<void ()()>::operator()() const (this=0x611290)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/functional:2311
#8  0x000000000040232f in operator() (__closure=0x611040) at test.cxx:22
#9  0x0000000000403d8e in _M_invoke<> (this=0x611040)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/functional:1598
#10 0x0000000000403cdb in operator() (this=0x611040)
    at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/functional:1586
#11 0x0000000000403c74 in _M_run (this=0x611028) at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/lib/gcc/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/4.7.2/../../../../include/c++/4.7.2/thread:115
#12 0x00007feb01feae10 in execute_native_thread_routine (__p=Unhandled dwarf expression opcode 0xf3
) at [snip]/gcc-4.7.2/libstdc++-v3/src/c++11/thread.cc:73
#13 0x00007feb018879ca in start_thread (arg=<value optimized out>) at pthread_create.c:300
#14 0x00007feb015e569d in clone () at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S:112
#15 0x0000000000000000 in ?? ()

Answer 1

It seems that the problem is that you destroy the packaged_task possibly before operator() returns in the worker thread. This is most likely undefined behaviour. The program works fine for me if I re-aquire the mutex in the loop after waiting for the future to return a result. This serializes operator() and the destructor of the packaged_task.

Answer 2

I can't explain why your code was broken, but I did find a way to fix it (storing tasks, not std::functions constructed from tasks):

#include <iostream>
#include <future>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
#include <functional>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // Let's face it - your lock() function was kinda weird.
    std::mutex mtx;

    // I've changed this to a vector of tasks, from a vector
    // of functions. Seems to have done the job. Not sure exactly
    // why but this seems to be the proper way to go.
    std::vector<std::packaged_task<int()>> messages;

    std::atomic<bool> running{true};

    std::thread thread([&]{
        while (running) {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l{mtx};
            std::cout << "[T] locked with " << messages.size() << " messages." << std::endl;
            for (auto& fn: messages) {
                fn();
            }
            messages.clear();
        }
    });

    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) {
        std::packaged_task<int()> task([i]{
            std::cout << "[T] returning " << i << std::endl;
            return i;
        });

        // Without grabbing this now, if the thread executed fn()
        // before I do f.get() below, it complained about having
        // no shared state.
        std::future<int> f = task.get_future();

        {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l{mtx};
            messages.emplace_back(std::move(task));
        }

        f.get();
    }

    running = false;
    thread.join();
}

At the very least, if this code also deadlocks, then it hasn't yet for me.