Order Of Execution of the SQL query

Question

I am confused with the order of execution of this query, please explain me this. I am confused with when the join is applied, function is called, a new column is added with the Case and when the serial number is added. Please explain the order of execution of all this.

select Row_number() OVER(ORDER BY (SELECT 1))  AS 'Serial Number', 
    EP.FirstName,Ep.LastName,[dbo].[GetBookingRoleName](ES.UserId,EP.BookingRole) as RoleName,  
    (select top 1 convert(varchar(10),eventDate,103)from [3rdi_EventDates] where EventId=13) as EventDate,
    (CASE [dbo].[GetBookingRoleName](ES.UserId,EP.BookingRole)  
            WHEN    '90 Day Client' THEN 'DC'
            WHEN    'Association Client'  THEN  'DC'
            WHEN    'Autism Whisperer'    THEN  'DC'
            WHEN    'CampII'             THEN   'AD' 
            WHEN    'Captain'              THEN 'AD' 
            WHEN    'Chiropractic Assistant' THEN 'AD'
            WHEN    'Coaches'               THEN 'AD'
            END) as Category from [3rdi_EventParticipants] as EP  
    inner join [3rdi_EventSignup] as ES on EP.SignUpId = ES.SignUpId  
    where EP.EventId = 13
    and userid in (  
    select distinct userid from userroles  
    --where roleid not in(6,7,61,64) and roleid not in(1,2))  
    where roleid not in(19, 20, 21, 22) and roleid not in(1,2))

This is the function which is called from the above query.

CREATE function [dbo].[GetBookingRoleName]  
(  
 @UserId as integer,
 @BookingId as integer
)  
RETURNS varchar(20)  
as  
begin  
declare @RoleName varchar(20)  

if @BookingId = -1
Select Top 1 @RoleName=R.RoleName From UserRoles UR inner join Roles R on UR.RoleId=R.RoleId Where UR.UserId=@UserId and R.RoleId not in(1,2)  
else
Select @RoleName= RoleName From Roles where RoleId = @BookingId

return @RoleName  
end

Answer 1

SQL is a declarative language. The result of a query must be what you would get if you evaluated as follows (from Microsoft):

Logical Processing Order of the SELECT statement

The following steps show the logical processing order, or binding order, for a SELECT statement. This order determines when the objects defined in one step are made available to the clauses in subsequent steps. For example, if the query processor can bind to (access) the tables or views defined in the FROM clause, these objects and their columns are made available to all subsequent steps. Conversely, because the SELECT clause is step 8, any column aliases or derived columns defined in that clause cannot be referenced by preceding clauses. However, they can be referenced by subsequent clauses such as the ORDER BY clause. Note that the actual physical execution of the statement is determined by the query processor and the order may vary from this list.

1. FROM
2. ON
3. JOIN
4. WHERE
5. GROUP BY
6. WITH CUBE or WITH ROLLUP
7. HAVING
8. SELECT
9. DISTINCT
10. ORDER BY
11. TOP

The optimizer is free to choose any order it feels appropriate to produce the best execution time. Given any SQL query, is basically impossible to anybody to pretend it knows the execution order. If you add detailed information about the schema involved (exact tables and indexes definition) and the estimated cardinalities (size of data and selectivity of keys) then one can take a guess at the probable execution order.

Ultimately, the only correct 'order' is the one described ion the actual execution plan. See Displaying Execution Plans by Using SQL Server Profiler Event Classes and Displaying Graphical Execution Plans (SQL Server Management Studio).

A completely different thing though is how do queries, subqueries and expressions project themselves into 'validity'. For instance if you have an aliased expression in the SELECT projection list, can you use the alias in the WHERE clause? Like this:

SELECT a+b as c
FROM t
WHERE c=...;

Is the use of c alias valid in the where clause? The answer is NO. Queries form a syntax tree, and a lower branch of the tree cannot be reference something defined higher in the tree. This is not necessarily an order of 'execution', is more of a syntax parsing issue. It is equivalent to writing this code in C#:

void Select (int a, int b)
{
   if (c = ...) then {...}
   int c = a+b;
}

Just as in C# this code won't compile because the variable c is used before is defined, the SELECT above won't compile properly because the alias c is referenced lower in the tree than is actually defined.

Unfortunately, unlike the well known rules of C/C# language parsing, the SQL rules of how the query tree is built are somehow esoteric. There is a brief mention of them in Single SQL Statement Processing but a detailed discussion of how they are created, and what order is valid and what not, I don't know of any source. I'm not saying there aren't good sources, I'm sure some of the good SQL books out there cover this topic.

Note that the syntax tree order does not match the visual order of the SQL text. For example the ORDER BY clause is usually the last in the SQL text, but as a syntax tree it sits above everything else (it sorts the output of the SELECT, so it sits above the SELECTed columns so to speak) and as such is is valid to reference the c alias:

SELECT a+b as c
FROM t
ORDER BY c;

Answer 2

Queries are generally processed in the follow order (SQL Server). I have no idea if other RDBMS's do it this way.

FROM [MyTable]
    ON [MyCondition]
  JOIN [MyJoinedTable]
 WHERE [...]
 GROUP BY [...]
HAVING [...]
SELECT [...]
 ORDER BY [...]

Answer 3

SQL query is not imperative but declarative, so you have no idea which the statement is executed first, but since SQL is evaluated by SQL query engines, most of the SQL engines follows similar process to obtain the results. You may have to understand how the query engine works internally to understand some SQL execution behavior.

Julia Evens has a great post explaining this, it is worth to check it out:

https://jvns.ca/blog/2019/10/03/sql-queries-don-t-start-with-select/

Answer 4

SQL is a declarative language, meaning that it tells the SQL engine what to do, not how. This is in contrast to an imperative language such as C, in which how to do something is clearly laid out.

This means that not all statements will execute as expected. Of particular note are boolean expressions, which may not evaluate from left-to-right as written. For example, the following code is not guaranteed to execute without a divide by zero error:

SELECT 'null' WHERE 1 = 1 OR 1 / 0 = 0

The reason for this is the query optimizer chooses the best (most efficient) way to execute a statement. This means that, for example, a value may be loaded and filtered before a transforming predicate is applied, causing an error. See the second link above for an example

See: here and here.