Order of execution in operator <<

Question

I have difficulties in understanding the sequence of calls in the code below. I was expecting to see the output below

    A1B2

While I can see that the output I get is

    BA12

I thought that the call std::cout<< b->fooA() << b->fooB() << std::endl was equivalent to call

  std::cout.operator<<( b->fooA() ).operator<< ( b->fooB() )

but I can see that this is not the case. Can you help me understanding better how this does it work and the relationship with the global operator<<? Is this last ever called in this sequence?

#include <iostream>

struct cbase{
    int fooA(){
        std::cout<<"A";
        return 1;
    }
    int fooB(){
        std::cout <<"B";
        return 2;
    }
};

void printcbase(cbase* b ){
    std::cout << b->fooA() << b->fooB() << std::endl;
}

int main(){
    cbase b;
    printcbase( &b );
}

Answer 1

The compiler can evaluate the function printcbase() as this:

void printcbase(cbase* b ){
    int a = b->FooA();    // line 1
    int b = b->FooB();    // line 2
    std::cout << a;       // line 3
    std::cout << b;       // line 4
    stc::cout << std::endl;
}

or some of many permutatins of lines marked as 1 - 4. You are only guaranteed that that the line 1 is done before the line 3, and line 2 before the line 4 (and of course line 3 before line 4). Standard does not say more and indeed you can expect different results with different C++ compilers.

Answer 2

The order of execution of << is well defined but the order of evaluation of sub-expressions is not defined in C++. This article and the C code example illustrates the problem you mentioned.

BA12 and AB12 are both correct. In the following code:

std::cout<< b->fooA() << b->fooB()

1 will appear before 2 but A could appear before or after B since the compiler does not promise whether it will evaluate fooA or fooB first.