One To Many To Itself

Question

How would one structure a table for an entity that can have a one to many relationship to itself? Specifically, I'm working on an app to track animal breeding. Each animal has an ID; it's also got a sire ID and a dame ID. So it's possible to have a one to many from the sire or dame to its offspring. I would be inclined to something like this:

ID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
SIRE_ID INT 
DAME_ID INT

and record a null value for those animals which were purchased and added to the breeding stock and an ID in the table for the rest.

So:

1. Can someone point me to an article/web page that discusses modeling this sort of relationship?
2. Should the ID be an INT or some sort of String? A NULL in the INT would indicate that the animal has no parents in the database but a String with special flag values could be used to indicate the same thing.

3. Would this possibly be best modeled via two tables? I mean one table for the animals and a separate table solely indicating kinship e. g.:

   Animal

   ID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY

   Kinship

   ID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

   SIRE_ID INT PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

   DAME_ID INT PRIMARY KEY FOREIGN KEY

I apologize for the above: my SQL is rusty. I hope it sort of conveys what I'm thinking about.

Answer 1

Well, this is a "normal" one-to-many relationship and the method you suggest is the classical one for solving it.

Note that two tables are denormalized (I can't point out exactly where the superkey-is-not-well-should-be-subset-of-other-key-fsck-I-forgot part is, but I'm pretty sure it's there somewhere); the intuitive reason is that a tuple in the first one matches at most a tuple in the second one, so unless you have lots of animals with null sire and dame IDs, it's not a good solution in any prospect (it worsens performance -- need a join -- and does not reduce storage requirements).