Object and String prototypes are not prototypes of defined strings?

Question

I'm trying to understand how JavaScript's prototype-based inheritance works. I was expecting the below outputs would evaluate as true. Why is this?

var myStr = "Sample";
String.prototype.isPrototypeOf(myStr); // false
Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(myStr); // false

Answer 1

JavaScript has both primitive strings and string objects. What you've written there is a primitive string. The Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf method always returns false for any primitive, so your results make sense.

If you used a string object, you'd get true:

var myStr = new String("Sample");
console.log(String.prototype.isPrototypeOf(myStr)); // true
console.log(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(myStr)); // true

---

You're probably wondering: If it's a primitive, then why can I call methods on it that are defined on String.prototype?

The answer is that the specification defines that if you use a property accessor on a primitive string, a temporary string object with an equivalent character sequence is created (with String.prototype as its prototype), and the property is then read from that temporary object. (The same is done with numbers.)

We can prove that the temporary object is created by adding a method to String.prototype that returns that object (just for the purposes of illustration):

Object.defineProperty(String.prototype, "foo", {
  value: function() {
    return this;
  }
});
var primitive = "string";
var object = primitive.foo();
console.log(primitive === object);                      // false
console.log(primitive == object);                       // true
console.log(String.prototype.isPrototypeOf(primitive)); // false
console.log(String.prototype.isPrototypeOf(object));    // true

Answer 2

This is because the string primitives are not string objects. If you want the above code to work, the string should be constructed via the String class, as in:

var myStr = new String("Sample");
String.prototype.isPrototypeOf(myStr); // true