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I have always only used MySQL and no other database system.
A question came up at a company meeting today and I was embarrassed I did not know: To a developer, what earth-shaking functionality do MS or Oracle offer that MySQL lacks and which allows MS and Oracle to charge for their systems?
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Oracle is killing MySQL. On purpose. This has been going on for a while, and they're not doing it because they're stupid, it's in their best interests. Thankfully Maria is such a nice clean replacement.
In terms of software, Oracle is the more powerful one because of its extra features over the basic MySQL. It also supports parallel and distributed Databases and offers better indexing because of which can have a competitive advantage over MySQL.
MySQL supports full-text and hash indexing only. Oracle uses more indexes than just these, including Bitmap, function-based, Partitioned, and so forth. Oracle is better for enterprise deployments, while MySQL is suited for small to medium scale. MySQL is free, while Oracle requires a licensing fee.
SQL is a query programming language that manages RDBMS. MySQL is a relational database management system that uses SQL. SQL is primarily used to query and operate database systems. MySQL allows you to handle, store, modify and delete data and store data in an organized way.
I think other commentators are quite right to highlight all of the extra non-core RDBMS abilities that are bundled with the commercial solutions.
Here is a matrix of Oracle editions and features that would be worth browsing just for an understanding of the "extra" features, particularly in the context of what it would cost to develop and support your own version of them (if that is even possible) on a product like MySQL: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/license.111/b28287/editions.htm#DBLIC116
For example, if you had a requirement that said: "Users shall be able to recover any previous versions of data that they have deleted/updated up to one week after the changes has been committed" then that implies a certain development overhead that I think would be much higher on a system that did not have a built-in feature like oracle's Flashback Query.
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