Alignment refers to the arrangement of data in memory, and specifically deals with the issue of accessing data as proper units of information from main memory. First we must conceptualize main memory as a contiguous block of consecutive memory locations. Each location contains a fixed number of bits.
The CPU can operate on an aligned word of memory atomically, meaning that no other instruction can interrupt that operation. This is critical to the correct operation of many lock-free data structures and other concurrency paradigms.
Data structure alignment is the way data is arranged and accessed in computer memory. Data alignment and Data structure padding are two different issues but are related to each other and together known as Data Structure alignment.
Structure padding is a concept in C that adds the one or more empty bytes between the memory addresses to align the data in memory.
(btw. This refers to 32 bit OS)
SOME UPDATES:
This is definitely an alignment issue
Sometimes the alignment (for whatever reason?) is so bad that access to the double is more than 50x slower than its fastest access.
Running the code on a 64 bit machine cuts down the issue, but I think it was still alternating between two timing (of which I could get similar results by changing the double to a float on a 32 bit machine)
Running the code under mono exhibits no issue -- Microsoft, any chance you can copy something from those Novell guys???
Is there a way to memory align the allocation of classes in c#?
The following demonstrates (I think!) the badness of not having doubles aligned correctly. It does some simple math on a double stored in a class, timing each run, running 5 timed runs on the variable before allocating a new one and doing it over again.
Basically the results looks like you either have a fast, medium or slow memory position (on my ancient processor, these end up around 40, 80 or 120ms per run)
I have tried playing with StructLayoutAttribute, but have had no joy - maybe something else is going on?
class Sample
{
class Variable { public double Value; }
static void Main()
{
const int COUNT = 10000000;
while (true)
{
var x = new Variable();
for (int inner = 0; inner < 5; ++inner)
{
// move allocation here to allocate more often so more probably to get 50x slowdown problem
var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
var total = 0.0;
for (int i = 1; i <= COUNT; ++i)
{
x.Value = i;
total += x.Value;
}
if (Math.Abs(total - 50000005000000.0) > 1)
throw new ApplicationException(total.ToString());
Console.Write("{0}, ", stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
}
So I see lots of web pages about alignment of structs for interop, so what about alignment of classes?
(Or are my assumptions wrong, and there is another issue with the above?)
Thanks, Paul.
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