lambda as a static member

Question

I'm trying to use a lambda as a static member, like this:

struct A {     static constexpr auto F = [](){}; };   int main() {     A::F();     return 0; } 

Is this even correct C++11 code? On clang, I get this error:

error: constexpr variable 'F' must be initialized by a constant       expression     static constexpr auto F = [](){};                               ^~~~~~ 

It seems in clang, lambdas aren't considered a constant expression. Is this correct? Perhaps they haven't fully implemented lambdas yet in clang because gcc 4.7 seems to allow it as a constexpr, but it give another error:

error: ‘constexpr const<lambda()> A::F’, declared using local type ‘const<lambda()>’, is used but never defined 

I'm not sure, I understand what that means. It seems to correctly deduce the type of the lambda, but it only declares it and not define it. How would I go about defining it?

Answer 1

This code is ill-formed. A constexpr variable is required to be initialized by a constant expression, and [expr.const]p2 says:

A conditional-expression is a core constant expression unless it involves one of the following as a potentially evaluated subexpression [...]:

• a lambda-expression

GCC is therefore incorrect to accept this code.

Here's one way to give a class a static data member of lambda type:

auto a = []{}; struct S {   static decltype(a) b; }; decltype(a) S::b = a; 

Answer 2

You can make it work, in clang 3.4, as long as the lambda doesn't capture anything. The idea is directly from Pythy .

#include <type_traits> #include <iostream> template<typename T> auto address(T&& t) -> typename std:: remove_reference<T> :: type * {         return &t; }  struct A {         static constexpr auto * F = false ? address(                  [](int x){ std:: cout << "It worked. x = " << x << std:: endl;                  }         ) : nullptr; // a nullptr, but at least its *type* is useful };   int main() {     (*A::F)(1337); // dereferencing a null. Doesn't look good     return 0; } 

There are two potentially controversial bits here. First, there's the fact that A::F is constexpr, but it has a lambda in its definition.

That should be impossible right? No. A ternary expression b ? v1 : v2 can be a constexpr without requiring all three of b, v1, v2 to be constexpr. It is sufficient merely that b is constexpr along with one of the remaining two (depending on whether b is true or false. Here b is false, and this selects the final part of the ?:, i.e. nullptr.

In other words false ? a_non_constexpr_func() : a_constexpr_func() is a constexpr. This appears to be the interpretation in clang anyway. I hope this is what's in the standard. If not, I wouldn't say that clang "should not accept this". It appears to be a valid relaxation of the rule. The unevaluated part of a ?: is unevaluated and therefore it constexpr-ness shouldn't matter.

Anyway, assuming this is OK, that gives us a nullptr of the correct type, i.e. the type of a pointer to the lambda. The second controversial bit is (*A::F)(1337); where we are dereferencing the null pointer. But it is argued by the page linked above that that is not a problem:

It appears that we are derefencing a null pointer. Remember in C++ when dereferencing a null pointer, undefined behavior occurs when there is an lvalue-to-rvalue conversion. However, since a non-capturing lambda closure is almost always implemented as an object with no members, undefined behavior never occurs, since it won't access any of its members. Its highly unlikely that a non-capturing lambda closure could be implemented another way since it must be convertible to a function pointer. But the library does statically assert that the closure object is empty to avoid any possible undefined behavior.