JavaScript give called function access to calling function variables

Question

If I define an inner function inside a function, the inner function has access to the outer function's variables. If I want this inner function to be reusable and define it outside the outer function, the inner function now loses access to the outer function variables. How do I make this new reusable inner function have access to outside function variables, without passing those variables in as parameters?

        function a () {

        var x = [[1,2,3], [1,2,3], [1,2,3]];

        var keys = Object.keys(x[0]);

        for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
            angular.forEach(keys, loop);
        }

        }

        function loop (key) {
            console.log(key, i);//i is undefined here
        }
        a();

Specifically, is there some way without 1) assigning variables to this, 2) without passing in variables as parameters, and 3) without creating global variables?

Edit: It seems there is no way to do this. But if I try another approach, to have the reusable function return a new function, I also do not have access to the inner scope. Why is this, and is there some way to make this work?

        function a () {

        var x = [[1,2,3], [1,2,3], [1,2,3]];

        var keys = Object.keys(x[0]);
        var myloop = loop();

        for (var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
            angular.forEach(keys, myloop);
        }

        }

        function loop (key) {
            return function(key) {
                 console.log(key, i);//i is undefined here
            };
        }
        a();

Answer 1

In the following example, loop returns a function that closes over the value of i.

function a () {
    var x = [[1,2,3], [1,2,3], [1,2,3]];

    var keys = Object.keys(x[0]);

    for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
        keys.forEach(loop(i));
    }
}

function loop (i) {
    return function (key) {
        console.log(key, i);  // i is now defined
    }
}

a();

Output:

0 0
1 0
2 0
0 1
1 1
2 1
0 2
1 2
2 2