Is 'volatile' needed in this multi-threaded C++ code?

Question

I've written a Windows program in C++ which at times uses two threads: one background thread for performing time-consuming work; and another thread for managing the graphical interface. This way the program is still responsive to the user, which is needed to be able to abort a certain operation. The threads communicate via a shared bool variable, which is set to true when the GUI thread signals the worker thread to abort. Here is the code which implements this behaviour (I've stripped away irrelevant parts):

CODE EXECUTED BY THE GUI THREAD

class ProgressBarDialog : protected Dialog {

    /**
     * This points to the variable which the worker thread reads to check if it
     * should abort or not.
     */
    bool volatile* threadParameterAbort_;

    ...

    BOOL CALLBACK ProgressBarDialog::DialogProc( HWND dialog, UINT message, 
        WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam ) {

        switch( message ) {
            case WM_COMMAND :
                switch ( LOWORD( wParam ) ) {

                    ...

                    case IDCANCEL :
                    case IDC_BUTTON_CANCEL :
                        switch ( progressMode_ ) {
                            if ( confirmAbort() ) {
                                // This causes the worker thread to be aborted
                                *threadParameterAbort_ = true;
                            }
                            break;
                        }

                        return TRUE;
                }
        }

        return FALSE;
    }

    ...

};

CODE EXECUTED BY THE WORKER THREAD

class CsvFileHandler {

    /**
     * This points to the variable which is set by the GUI thread when this
     * thread should abort its execution.
     */
    bool volatile* threadParamAbort_;

    ...

    ParseResult parseFile( ItemList* list ) {
        ParseResult result;

        ...

        while ( readLine( &line ) ) {
            if ( ( threadParamAbort_ != NULL ) && *threadParamAbort_ ) {
                break;
            }

            ...
        }

        return result;
    }

    ...

};

threadParameterAbort_ in both threads point to a bool variable declared in a structure which is passed to the worker thread upon creation. It is declared as

bool volatile abortExecution_;

My question is: do I need to use volatile here, and is the code above sufficient to ensure that the program is thread-safe? The way I've reasoned for justifying the use of volatile here (see this question for background) is that it will:

• prevent the reading of *threadParameterAbort_ to use the cache and instead get the value from memory, and

• prevent the compiler from removing the if clause in the worker thread due to optimization.

(The following paragraph is only concerned with the thread-safety of the program as such and does not, I repeat, does not involve claiming that volatile in any way provides any means of ensuring thread-safety.) As far as I can tell, it should be thread-safe as setting of a bool variable should in most, if not all, architectures be an atomic operation. But I could be wrong. And I'm also worried about if the compiler may reorder instructions such as to break thread-safety. But better be safe (no pun intended) than sorry.

EDIT: A minor mistake in my wording made the question appear as if I was asking if volatile is enough to ensure thread-safety. This was not my intent -- volatile does indeed not ensure thread-safety in any way -- but what I meant to ask was if the code provided above exhibit the correct behaviour to ensure that the program is thread-safe.

Answer 1

You should not depend on volatile to guarantee thread safety, this is because even though the compiler will guarantee that the the variable is always read from memory (and not a register cache), in multi-processor environments a memory barrier will also be required.

Rather use the correct lock around the shared memory. Locks like a Critical Section are often extremely lightweight and in a case of no contention will probably be all implemented userside. They will also contain the necessary memory barriers.

Volatile should only be used for memory mapped IO where multiple reads may return different values. Similarly for memory mapped writes.

Answer 2

Wikipedia says it pretty well.

In C, and consequently C++, the volatile keyword was intended to allow access to memory mapped devices allow uses of variables between setjmp allow uses of sig_atomic_t variables in signal handlers

Operations on volatile variables are not atomic nor establish a proper happens-before relationship for threading. This is according to the relevant standards (C, C++, POSIX, WIN32), and this is the matter of fact for the vast majority of current implementations. The volatile keyword is basically worthless as a portable threading construct.