Is using new in Javascript the same as not using it?

Question

Consider this code:

function klass( z ) {
    this.a = z;
    return this;
}

var b = klass( 5 );
var c = new klass( 9 );

When I run it in Chrome and check in the console, b turns out to be of type DOMWindow, while c is of type klass.

Although both have the property a, effectively both being an instance of klass.

• Is using or not using new, the same?
• Is it the same on this example but different in other situations?
• Are there differences in efficiency or behavior?

Answer 1

When a function is invoked like this

klass(6);  //called function invocation

this will be set to the global object, or, if you're in strict mode, undefined

As a result, the first example (without the new) will return the global object with a new a property attached. In strict mode it will throw an error since this will be set to undefined, and you can't add an a property to undefined.

When you invoke a function with new

new klass( 9 );  //called constructor invocation

the this value is set to a new object, and is implicitly returned from the function—there's no need to say return this

For completeness, when you invoke a function as a method on an object:

foo.method();  //called method invocation

this will be set to the object—foo in this case.

And when you invoke a function with apply (or call)

method.apply(foo)  //called apply invocation 

this is set to whatever you specify—foo again

EDIT

I mentioned strict mode in my answer. A page uses strict mode if it has

"use strict"

at the very top of it.