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Java has Scala and .NET has F#. Both of these languages are very highly integrated into the respective Java and .NET platforms. Classes can be written in Scala then extended in Java for example.
Does there exist an equivalent functional language that interoperates highly with C++?
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Obviously, C is a procedural language and doesn't really support functional programming natively.
While C has functions and a (relatively) high amount of flexibility in handling them as imperative, command-oriented languages are concerned, it is in the general category of imperative languages in terms of general programming style and approach, so it is not a functional language.
The different programming styles of these languages have formed the idea programming-paradigm: C is a typical represention of the procedural, LISP of the functional, C + + of the object-oriented and PROLOG of the logic-oriented paradigm.
Is Fortran a purely functional language? No, it is not. Subroutines in Fortran can do things other than return values according to a mapping between input and output; and computations in Fortran can be done with state changes and mutable data.
Ah, something else. Although this certainly isn't what you meant, template metaprogramming in C++ is purely functional.
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As has been said, I'm not really sure about a C++ 'ecosystem'. But Haskell does have a Foreign Function Interface that allows you to call C functions from Haskell and Haskell functions from C.
Then again, that's C, I'm not really sure how far along the C++ FFI is...
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