Is it true that every function in JavaScript is a closure?

Question

I understand that every function in JavaScript is a first-class object and it has an internal property [[scope]] which hosts the binding records of the function's free variables. However, there are two special cases.

1. Is the function created by Function constructor also a closure? The function object created by Function constructor is special, because its [[scope]] may not refer to the lexical environments of its outer functions, but only the global context. For example,

   var a = 1; 
   var fn = (function outer() {
       var a = 2; 
       var inner = new Function('alert(a); ');
       return inner;
   })();
   fn(); // will alert 1, not 2.
   

   This is unintuitive. Is this also called closure?

2. If an inner function doesn't have any free variables, can we say a closure is formed when the inner function is created? For example,

   // This is a useless case only for academic study
   var fn = (function outer() {
       var localVar1 = 1,
           localVar2 = 2;
       return function() {};
   })();
   

   In this case, fn refers to an empty function object which was created as an inner function. It has no free variables. In this case can we say a closure is formed?

Answer 1

Is the function created by Function constructor also a closure?

Yes, it closes over the global scope. That might be unintuitive because all other JavaScript closures close over their lexical scope, but it still matches our definition of a closure. In your example, a is a free variable, and resolves to the a in an other scope when the inner/fn function is called somewhere.

If an inner function doesn't have any free variables, can we still call it a closure?

Depends on whom you ask. Some say Yes, others call them "uninteresting closures", personally I say No because they don't reference an outer scope.

Answer 2

Note: Functions created with the Function constructor do not create closures to their creation contexts; they always are created in the global scope. When running them, they will only be able to access their own local variables and global ones, not the ones from the scope in which the Function constructor was called. This is different from using eval with code for a function expression.

from https://developer.mozilla.org