Invalid covariant type with CRTP clonable class

Question

I'm trying to implement a Clonable class with the CRTP. However, I need to have abstract class that have a pure virtual clone method, overridden by child classes. To make this happen, I need the clone function to return a covariant return type. I made this code below, and the compiler shout at me this error:

main.cpp:12:5: error: return type of virtual function 'clone' is not covariant with the return type of the function it overrides ('B *' is not derived from 'AbstractClonable *')

The class 'B' seems to be a child class of AbstractClonable, and even by two way! How can I solve this? Thank you very much. I tried with both with clang 3.6 and GCC 4.9.2

struct AbstractClonable {
    virtual AbstractClonable* clone() const = 0;
};

template<typename T>
struct Clonable : virtual AbstractClonable {
    T* clone() const override {
        return new T{*dynamic_cast<const T*>(this)};
    }
};

struct A : virtual AbstractClonable {

};

struct B : A, Clonable<B> {

};

Answer 1

Even if B is indeed derived from Clonable<B>, the problem here is that Clonable<B> construction is not valid, as it defines

B* clone() const override

which of course is not an override of AbstractClonable::clone(), since the compiler doesn't see B at this point as a child of AbstractClonable. So I believe the issue lays in the fact that the compiler cannot build the Clonable<B> base of B.

A workaround (but not really the same as what you want) is to define

Clonable* clone() const override

in Clonable. As you mentioned in the comment, you can also define a free function

template<typename T> 
T* clone(const T* object) 
{ 
    return static_cast<T*>(object->clone()); 
}

Related: Derived curiously recurring templates and covariance

Answer 2

Yes, B is derived from AbstractClonable, but the compiler doesn't know that during the instantiation of Clonable<B> because B is still incomplete at that point.

C++14 §10.3/8:

If the class type in the covariant return type of D::f differs from that of B::f, the class type in the return type of D::f shall be complete at the point of declaration of D::f or shall be the class type D.

A class has special permission to use itself in a covariant return type. Other classes, including CRTP bases, need to wait until the class is complete before declaring a covariant function.

You can solve the problem using the non-virtual interface idiom (NVI):

class AbstractClonable {
protected:
    virtual AbstractClonable* do_clone() const = 0;
public:
    AbstractClonable *clone() const {
        return do_clone();
    }
};

template<typename T>
class Clonable : public virtual AbstractClonable {
    Clonable* do_clone() const override { // Avoid using T in this declaration.
        return new T{*dynamic_cast<const T*>(this)};
    }
public:
    T *clone() const { // But here, it's OK.
        return static_cast< T * >( do_clone() );
    }
};