How to understand symbols in Ruby

Question

Despite reading "Understanding Ruby Symbols", I'm still confused by the representation of the data in memory when it comes to using symbols. If a symbol, two of them contained in different objects, exist in the same memory location, then how is it that they contain different values? I'd have expected the same memory location to contain the same value.

This a quote from the link:

Unlike strings, symbols of the same name are initialized and exist in memory only once during a session of ruby

I don't understand how it manages to differentiate the values contained in the same memory location.

Consider this example:

patient1 = { :ruby => "red" } patient2 = { :ruby => "programming" }  patient1.each_key {|key| puts key.object_id.to_s} 3918094 patient2.each_key {|key| puts key.object_id.to_s} 3918094 

patient1 and patient2 are both hashes, that's fine. :ruby however is a symbol. If we were to output the following:

patient1.each_key {|key| puts key.to_s} 

Then what will be output? "red", or "programming"?

Forgetting hashes for a second, I'm thinking a symbol is a pointer to a value. The questions I have are:

• Can I assign a value to a symbol?
• Is a symbol just a pointer to a variable with a value in it?
• If symbols are global, does that mean a symbol always points to one thing?

Answer 1

Consider this:

x = :sym y = :sym (x.__id__ == y.__id__ ) && ( :sym.__id__ == x.__id__) # => true  x = "string" y = "string" (x.__id__ == y.__id__ ) || ( "string".__id__ == x.__id__) # => false 

So, however you create a symbol object, as long as its contents are the same, it will refer to the same object in memory. This is not a problem because a symbol is an immutable object. Strings are mutable.

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(In response to the comment below)

In the original article, the value is not being stored in a symbol, it is being stored in a hash. Consider this:

hash1 = { "string" => "value"} hash2 = { "string" => "value"} 

This creates six objects in the memory -- four string objects and two hash objects.

hash1 = { :symbol => "value"} hash2 = { :symbol => "value"} 

This only creates five objects in memory -- one symbol, two strings and two hash objects.

Answer 2

I was able to grock symbols when I thought of it like this. A Ruby string is an object that has a bunch of methods and properties. People like to use strings for keys, and when the string is used for a key then all those extra methods aren't used. So they made symbols, which are string objects with all the functionality removed, except that which is needed for it to be a good key.

Just think of symbols as constant strings.