How to test if a value exist in a hash?

Question

Let's say I have this

#!/usr/bin/perl

%x = ('a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3);

and I would like to know if the value 2 is a hash value in %x.

How is that done?

Answer 1

Fundamentally, a hash is a data structure optimized for solving the converse question, knowing whether the key 2 is present. But it's hard to judge without knowing, so let's assume that won't change.

Possibilities presented here will depend on:

• how often you need to do it
• how dynamic the hash is

One-time op

• grep $_==2, values %x (also spelled grep {$_==1} values %x) will return a list of as many 2s as are present in the hash, or, in scalar context, the number of matches. Evaluated as a boolean in a condition, it yields just what you want.
  grep works on versions of Perl as old as I can remember.
• use List::Util qw(first); first {$_==2} values %x returns only the first match, undef if none. That makes it faster, as it will short-circuit (stop examining elements) as soon as it succeeds. This isn't a problem for 2, but take care that the returned element doesn't necessarily evaluate to boolean true. Use defined in those cases.
  List::Util is a part of the Perl core since 5.8.
• use List::MoreUtils qw(any); any {$_==2} values %x returns exactly the information you requested as a boolean, and exhibits the short-circuiting behavior.
  List::MoreUtils is available from CPAN.
• 2 ~~ [values %x] returns exactly the information you requested as a boolean, and exhibits the short-circuiting behavior.
  Smart matching is available in Perl since 5.10.

Repeated op, static hash

Construct a hash that maps values to keys, and use that one as a natural hash to test key existence.

my %r = reverse %x;
if ( exists $r{2} ) { ... }

Repeated op, dynamic hash

Use a reverse lookup as above. You'll need to keep it up to date, which is left as an exercise to the reader/editor. (hint: value collisions are tricky)

Answer 2

Where $count would be the result:

my $count = grep { $_ == 2 } values %x;

This will not only show you if it's a value in the hash, but how many times it occurs as a value. Alternatively you can do it like this as well:

my $count = grep {/2/} values %x;