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How to get exception message in Python properly

What is the best way to get exceptions' messages from components of standard library in Python?

I noticed that in some cases you can get it via message field like this:

try:
  pass
except Exception as ex:
  print(ex.message)

but in some cases (for example, in case of socket errors) you have to do something like this:

try:
  pass
except socket.error as ex:
  print(ex)

I wondered is there any standard way to cover most of these situations?

like image 405
FrozenHeart Avatar asked Oct 20 '15 14:10

FrozenHeart


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How do I get the exact exception message in Python?

To catch and print an exception that occurred in a code snippet, wrap it in an indented try block, followed by the command "except Exception as e" that catches the exception and saves its error message in string variable e . You can now print the error message with "print(e)" or use it for further processing.


4 Answers

To improve on the answer provided by @artofwarfare, here is what I consider a neater way to check for the message attribute and print it or print the Exception object as a fallback.

try:
    pass 
except Exception as e:
    print getattr(e, 'message', repr(e))

The call to repr is optional, but I find it necessary in some use cases.


Update #1:

Following the comment by @MadPhysicist, here's a proof of why the call to repr might be necessary. Try running the following code in your interpreter:

try:
    raise Exception 
except Exception as e:
    print(getattr(e, 'message', repr(e)))
    print(getattr(e, 'message', str(e)))

The repr(e) line will print Exception() and the str(e) line will print an empty string.


Update #2:

Here is a demo with specifics for Python 2.7 and 3.5: https://gist.github.com/takwas/3b7a6edddef783f2abddffda1439f533

like image 28
Olúwatóósìn Anímáṣahun Avatar answered Oct 01 '22 01:10

Olúwatóósìn Anímáṣahun


If you look at the documentation for the built-in errors, you'll see that most Exception classes assign their first argument as a message attribute. Not all of them do though.

Notably,EnvironmentError (with subclasses IOError and OSError) has a first argument of errno, second of strerror. There is no message... strerror is roughly analogous to what would normally be a message.

More generally, subclasses of Exception can do whatever they want. They may or may not have a message attribute. Future built-in Exceptions may not have a message attribute. Any Exception subclass imported from third-party libraries or user code may not have a message attribute.

I think the proper way of handling this is to identify the specific Exception subclasses you want to catch, and then catch only those instead of everything with an except Exception, then utilize whatever attributes that specific subclass defines however you want.

If you must print something, I think that printing the caught Exception itself is most likely to do what you want, whether it has a message attribute or not.

You could also check for the message attribute if you wanted, like this, but I wouldn't really suggest it as it just seems messy:

try:
    pass
except Exception as e:
    # Just print(e) is cleaner and more likely what you want,
    # but if you insist on printing message specifically whenever possible...
    if hasattr(e, 'message'):
        print(e.message)
    else:
        print(e)
like image 89
ArtOfWarfare Avatar answered Oct 01 '22 00:10

ArtOfWarfare


I too had the same problem. Digging into this I found that the Exception class has an args attribute, which captures the arguments that were used to create the exception. If you narrow the exceptions that except will catch to a subset, you should be able to determine how they were constructed, and thus which argument contains the message.

try:
   # do something that may raise an AuthException
except AuthException as ex:
   if ex.args[0] == "Authentication Timeout.":
      # handle timeout
   else:
      # generic handling
like image 27
user2501097 Avatar answered Oct 01 '22 01:10

user2501097


from traceback import format_exc


try:
    fault = 10/0
except ZeroDivision:
    print(format_exc())

Another possibility is to use the format_exc() method from the traceback module.

like image 30
Артур Гильметдинов Avatar answered Oct 01 '22 00:10

Артур Гильметдинов