How to find mother vertex in a directed graph in O(n+m)? [closed]

Question

A mother vertex in a directed graph G = (V,E) is a vertex v such that all other vertices G can be reached by a directed path from v Give an O(n+m) algorithm to test whether graph G contains a mother vertex.

(c) from Skiena manual

Found only O(n(n+m)) way

Answer 1

Algorithm::

a) Do DFS/BFS of the graph and keep track of the last finished vertex 'x' .

b) If there exist any mother vertex, then 'x' is one of them. Check if 'x' is a mother vertex by doing DFS/BFS from vertex 'x'.

Time Complexity O(n+m) + O(n+m) = O(n+m)

Answer 2

step1. Do topological sorting of vertices of directed graph.

step2. Now check whether we can reach all vertices from first vertex of topologically sorted vertices in step 1.

To perform a step 2, again initialize array discovered[i] to false and do dfs startin from first node of topologically sorted vertices.

If all vertices can be reached, then graph has mother vertex, and mother vertex will be the former of topologically sorted vertices.

time complexity: step1 takes O(n + m), step 2 takes O(n + m) so total O(n+m) + O(n+m) = O(n+m)