How to directly download a file to Download directory on Android Q (Android 10)

Question

Lets say I'm developing a chat app that is able to share with others ANY kind of files (no mimetype restriction): like images, videos, documents, but also compressed files like zip, rar, apk or even less frequent types of files like photoshop or autocad files, for example.

In Android 9 or lower I directly download those files to Download directory, but that's now impossible in Android 10 without showing an Intent to the user to ask where to download them...

Impossible? but then why Google Chrome or other browsers are able to do that? They in fact still download files to Download directory without asking user in Android 10.

I first analyzed Whatsapp to see how they achieve it but they make use of requestLegacyExternalStorage attribute on AndroidManifest. But then I analyzed Chrome and it targets Android 10 without using requestLegacyExternalStorage. How is that possible?

I have been googling for some days already how apps can download a file directly to Download directory on Android 10 (Q) without having to ask user where to place it, the same way Chrome does.

I have read android for developers documentation, lots of questions on Stackoverflow, blog posts over the Internet and Google Groups but still I haven't found a way to keep doing exactly the same as in Android 9 nor even a solution that plenty satisfies me.

What I've tried so far:

• Open SAF with an ACTION_CREATE_DOCUMENT Intent to ask for permission but apparently there's no way to open it silently. An Activity is always opened to ask user where to place the file. But am I supposed to open this Intent on every file? My app can download chat files automatically being on background. Not a feasible solution.

• Get grant access using SAF at the beginning of the app with an uri pointing to any directory for download contents:

      StorageManager sm = (StorageManager) context.getSystemService(Context.STORAGE_SERVICE);
      i = sm.getPrimaryStorageVolume().createOpenDocumentTreeIntent();
  

  What an ugly activity to ask user for permission, isn't it? Even though this is NOT what Google Chrome does.

• Or again by using ACTION_CREATE_DOCUMENT, save the Uri that I get in onActivityResult() and use grantPermission() and getContentResolver().takePersistableUriPermission(). But this does not create a directory but a file.

• I've also tried to get MediaStore.Downloads.INTERNAL_CONTENT_URI or MediaStore.Downloads.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI and save a file by using Context.getContentResolver.insert(), but what a coincidence although they are annotated as @NonNull they in fact return... NULL

• Adding requestLegacyExternalStorage="false" as an attribute of Application label of my AndroidManifest.xml. But this is just a patch for developers in order to gain time until they make changes and adapt their code. Besides still this is not what Google Chrome does.

• getFilesDir() and getExternalFilesDir() and getExternalFilesDirs() are still available but files stored on those directories are deleted when my app is uninstalled. Users expect to keep their files when uninstalling my app. Again not a feasible solution for me.

My temporary solution:

I've found a workaround that makes it possible to download wherever you want without adding requestLegacyExternalStorage="false".

It consists on obtaining an Uri from a File object by using:

val downloadDir = Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS)
val file = File(downloadDir, fileName)
val authority = "${context.packageName}.provider"
val accessibleUri = FileProvider.getUriForFile(context, authority, file)

Having a provider_paths.xml

<paths>
    <external-path name="external_files" path="."/>
</paths>

And setting it on AndroidManifest.xml:

<provider
    android:name="androidx.core.content.FileProvider"
    android:authorities="${applicationId}.provider"
    android:exported="false"
    android:grantUriPermissions="true">
    <meta-data
        android:name="android.support.FILE_PROVIDER_PATHS"
        android:resource="@xml/provider_paths" />
</provider>

The problem:

It make use of getExternalStoragePublicDirectory method which is deprecated as of Android Q and extremmely likely will be removed on Android 11. You could think that you can make your own path manually as you know the real path (/storage/emulated/0/Download/) and keep creating a File object, but what if Google decices to change Download directory path on Android 11?

I'm afraid this is not a long term solution, so

My question:

How can I achieve this without using a deprecated method? And a bonus question How the hell Google Chrome accomplish getting access to Download directory?

Answer 1

More than 10 months have passed and yet not a satisfying answer for me have been made. So I'll answer my own question.

As @CommonsWare states in a comment, "get MediaStore.Downloads.INTERNAL_CONTENT_URI or MediaStore.Downloads.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI and save a file by using Context.getContentResolver.insert()" is supposed to be the solution. I double checked and found out this is true and I was wrong saying it doesn't work. But...

I found it tricky to use ContentResolver and I was unable to make it work properly. I'll make a separate question with it but I kept investigating and found a somehow satisfying solution.

MY SOLUTION:

Basically you have to download to any directory owned by your app and then copy to Downloads folder.

1. Configure your app:

   • Add provider_paths.xml to xml resource folder

     <paths xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
         <external-path name="external_files" path="."/>
     </paths>
     

   • In your manifest add a FileProvider:

     <application>
         <provider
              android:name="androidx.core.content.FileProvider"
              android:authorities="${applicationId}.provider"
              android:exported="false"
              android:grantUriPermissions="true">
              <meta-data
                  android:name="android.support.FILE_PROVIDER_PATHS"
                  android:resource="@xml/provider_paths" />
          </provider>
      </application>
     

2. Prepare to download files to any directory your app owns, such as getFilesDir(), getExternalFilesDir(), getCacheDir() or getExternalCacheDir().

   val privateDir = context.getFilesDir()
   

3. Download file taking its progress into account (DIY):

   val downloadedFile = myFancyMethodToDownloadToAnyDir(url, privateDir, fileName)
   

4. Once downloaded you can make any threatment to the file if you'd like to.

5. Copy it to Downloads folder:

   //This will be used only on android P-
   private val DOWNLOAD_DIR = Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS)
   
   val finalUri : Uri? = copyFileToDownloads(context, downloadedFile)
   
   fun copyFileToDownloads(context: Context, downloadedFile: File): Uri? {
       val resolver = context.contentResolver
       return if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
           val contentValues = ContentValues().apply {
               put(MediaStore.MediaColumns.DISPLAY_NAME, getName(downloadedFile))
               put(MediaStore.MediaColumns.MIME_TYPE, getMimeType(downloadedFile))
               put(MediaStore.MediaColumns.SIZE, getFileSize(downloadedFile))
           }
           resolver.insert(MediaStore.Downloads.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, contentValues)
       } else {
           val authority = "${context.packageName}.provider"
           val destinyFile = File(DOWNLOAD_DIR, getName(downloadedFile))
           FileProvider.getUriForFile(context, authority, destinyFile)
       }?.also { downloadedUri ->
           resolver.openOutputStream(downloadedUri).use { outputStream ->
               val brr = ByteArray(1024)
               var len: Int
               val bufferedInputStream = BufferedInputStream(FileInputStream(downloadedFile.absoluteFile))
               while ((bufferedInputStream.read(brr, 0, brr.size).also { len = it }) != -1) {
                   outputStream?.write(brr, 0, len)
               }
               outputStream?.flush()
               bufferedInputStream.close()
           }
       }
   }
   

6. Once in download folder you can open file from app like this:

   val authority = "${context.packageName}.provider"
   val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW).apply {
       setDataAndType(finalUri, getMimeTypeForUri(finalUri))
       if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT <= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) {
           addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)
       } else {
           addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)
       }
   }
   try {
       context.startActivity(Intent.createChooser(intent, chooseAppToOpenWith))
   } catch (e: Exception) {
       Toast.makeText(context, "Error opening file", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
   }
   
   //Kitkat or above
   fun getMimeTypeForUri(context: Context, finalUri: Uri) : String =
       DocumentFile.fromSingleUri(context, finalUri)?.type ?: "application/octet-stream"
   
   //Just in case this is for Android 4.3 or below
   fun getMimeTypeForFile(finalFile: File) : String =
       DocumentFile.fromFile(it)?.type ?: "application/octet-stream"
   

Pros:

• Downloaded files survives to app uninstallation

• Also allows you to know its progress while downloading

• You still can open them from your app once moved, as the file still belongs to your app.

• write_external_storage permission is not required for Android Q+, just for this purpose:

  <uses-permission
      android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
      android:maxSdkVersion="28" />
  

Cons:

• You won't have access to downloaded files once after clearing your app data or uninstalling and reinstalling again (they no longer belongs to your app unless you ask for permission)
• Device must have more free space to be able to copy every file from its original directory to its final destination. This is important speacially for large files. Although if you have access to the original inputStream you could directly write to downloadedUri instead of copying from an intermediary file.

If this approach is enough for you then give it a try.

Answer 2

You can use the Android DownloadManager.Request. It will need the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE Persmission until Android 9. From Android 10/ Q and above it will not need any permission (it seems it handle the permission itself).

If you want to open the file afterwards, you will need the user's permission instead (also if you only want to open it within an external app (e.g. PDF-Reader).

You can use the download manager like this:

DownloadManager.Request request = new DownloadManager.Request(<download uri>);
request.addRequestHeader("Accept", "application/pdf");
    
// Save the file in the "Downloads" folder of SDCARD
request.setDestinationInExternalPublicDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS,filename);

DownloadManager downloadManager = (DownloadManager) getActivity().getSystemService(Context.DOWNLOAD_SERVICE);
downloadManager.enqueue(request);

This are the references: https://developer.android.com/reference/kotlin/android/app/DownloadManager.Request?hl=en#setDestinationInExternalPublicDir(kotlin.String,%20kotlin.String)

https://developer.android.com/training/data-storage

Answer 3

I thought that it would best be to write the answer in java, as a lot of legacy code exists out there which would have to be updated. Also I have no idea what kind of file you want to store and so, here, I took an example of a bitmap. If you want to save any other kind of file you just have to create an OutputStream of it, and for the remaining part of it you can follow the code I write below. Now, here, this function is only going to handle the saving for Android 10+ and hence the annotation. I hope you have the prerequisite knowledge on how to save files in lower android versions

@RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.Q)
public void saveBitmapToDownloads(Bitmap bitmap) {
    ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();

    // Enter the name of the file here. Note the extension isn't necessary
    contentValues.put(MediaStore.Downloads.DISPLAY_NAME, "Test.jpg");
    // Here we define the file type. Do check the MIME_TYPE for your file. For jpegs it is "image/jpeg"
    contentValues.put(MediaStore.Downloads.MIME_TYPE, "image/jpeg");
    contentValues.put(MediaStore.Downloads.IS_PENDING, true);

    Uri uri = MediaStore.Downloads.getContentUri(MediaStore.VOLUME_EXTERNAL_PRIMARY);
    Uri itemUri = getContentResolver().insert(uri, contentValues);

    if (itemUri != null) {
        try {
            OutputStream outputStream = getContentResolver().openOutputStream(itemUri);
            bitmap.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.JPEG, 100, outputStream);
            outputStream.close();
            contentValues.put(MediaStore.Images.Media.IS_PENDING, false);
            getContentResolver().update(itemUri, contentValues, null, null);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

Now if you want to create a sub directory i.e. a folder inside the Downloads folder you could add this to contentValues

contentValues.put(MediaStore.Downloads.RELATIVE_PATH, "Download/" + "Folder Name");

This will create a folder named "Folder Name" and store "Test.jpg" inside that folder.

Also do note this doesn't require any permissions in the manifest which implies it doesn't need runtime permissions as well. If you want the Kotlin version do ask me in the comments. I would happily and readily provide the Kotlin method for the same.