How to avoid the copy when I return

Question

I have a function which returns a vector or set:

set<int> foo() {
    set<int> bar;
    // create and massage bar
    return bar;
}

set<int> afoo = foo();

In this case, I create a temporary memory space in function foo(), and then assign it to afoo by copying. I really want to avoid this copy, any easy way I can do this in C++11? I think this has to do with the rvalue thing.

OK, update to the question: If I am going to return an object defined by myself, not the vector or set thing, does that mean I should define a move constructor? like this:

class value_to_return {
  value_to_return (value_to_return && other) {
    // how to write it here? I think std::move is supposed to be used?
  }
}

THanks!!!

Answer 1

Modem C++ compiler will implement: given a type T:

• If T has an accessible copy or move constructor, the compiler may choose to elide the copy. This is the so-called (named) return value optimization (RVO), which was specified even before C++11 and is supported by most compilers.
• Otherwise, if T has a move constructor, T is moved(Since C++11).
• Otherwise, if T has a copy constructor, T is copied.
• Otherwise, a compile-time error is emitted.

Answer 2

Check out return value optimization. A modern compiler will optimize this situation, and in straightforward situations like these, no copy will be made on any of the major compilers.

In principle, you could also create your object outside the function, and then call the function and pass the object to it by reference. That would be the old way of avoiding a copy, but it is unnecessary and undesirable now.