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When using multiple threads, shared memory needs to be locked by critical sections. However, using critical sections causes potential deadlocks. How can they be avoided?
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There are four methods of handling deadlocks - deadlock avoidance, deadlock prevention, deadline detection and recovery and deadlock ignorance.
Two-phase locking protocol is widely used in concurrent transaction database to ensure the correctness of concurrent scheduling. This paper presents a Petri net model for 2PL protocol, and then gives a deadlock prevention algorithm for 2PL protocol.
Deadlock occurs when a set of processes are in a wait state, because each process is waiting for a resource that is held by some other waiting process. Therefore, all deadlocks involve conflicting resource needs by two or more processes.
One way is to use a hierarchy of critical sections. If you ensure that a parent critical section is never entered within one of its children, deadlocks cannot happen. The difficulty is to enforce this hierarchy.
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