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Is there some guide out there that describes how the PHP internals?
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PHP is an interpreted language. This means that you will write code statements (lines of code) and when a page is requested, the PHP interpreter will load your PHP code, parse it and then execute it. This differs from other languages, such as Java or C#, where the source code is compiled and then executed.
In PHP, statements are terminated by a semicolon (;) like C or Perl. The closing tag of a block of PHP code automatically implies a semicolon, there is no need to have a semicolon terminating the last line of a PHP block.
The closure is a function assigned to a variable, so you can pass it around. A closure is a separate namespace, normally, you can not access variables defined outside of this namespace. There comes the use keyword: use allows you to access (use) the succeeding variables inside the closure.
A closure is an anonymous function that can access variables imported from the outside scope without using any global variables. Theoretically, a closure is a function with some arguments closed (e.g. fixed) by the environment when it is defined. Closures can work around variable scope restrictions in a clean way.
Sounds to me like you're you should look for resources on PHP Internal development. Looking for this information elsewhere will be really scattered.
I suggest picking up a PHP Core development book from your local book store and giving it a read. PHP.net has an underdeveloped beginners reference if you wanted to start there.
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This excellent although somewhat outdated book by Sara Golemon has answers to the most of your questions. Otherwise, the best way to learn php internals is to compile a debug version of it and run it step by step under a debugger. I did it once and it was an exciting experience.
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