How are non-POD static values initialized? [duplicate]

Question

C++, unlike some other languages, allows static data to be of any arbitrary type, not just plain-old-data. Plain-old-data is trivial to initialize (the compiler just writes the value at the appropriate address in the data segment), but the other, more complex types, are not.

How is initialization of non-POD types typically implemented in C++? In particular, what exactly happens when the function foo is executed for the first time? What mechanisms are used to keep track of whether str has already been initialized or not?

#include <string>
void foo() {
    static std::string str("Hello, Stack Overflow!");
}

Answer 1

C++11 requires the initialization of function local static variables to be thread-safe. So at least in compilers that are compliant, there'll typically be some sort of synchronization primitive in use that'll need to be checked each time the function is entered.

For example, here's the assembly listing for the code from this program:

#include <string>
void foo() {
    static std::string str("Hello, Stack Overflow!");
}

int main() {}

---

.LC0:
    .string "Hello, Stack Overflow!"
foo():
    cmpb    $0, guard variable for foo()::str(%rip)
    je  .L14
    ret
.L14:
    pushq   %rbx
    movl    guard variable for foo()::str, %edi
    subq    $16, %rsp
    call    __cxa_guard_acquire
    testl   %eax, %eax
    jne .L15
.L1:
    addq    $16, %rsp
    popq    %rbx
    ret
.L15:
    leaq    15(%rsp), %rdx
    movl    $.LC0, %esi
    movl    foo()::str, %edi
    call    std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::basic_string(char const*, std::allocator<char> const&)
    movl    guard variable for foo()::str, %edi
    call    __cxa_guard_release
    movl    $__dso_handle, %edx
    movl    foo()::str, %esi
    movl    std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::~basic_string(), %edi
    call    __cxa_atexit
    jmp .L1
    movq    %rax, %rbx
    movl    guard variable for foo()::str, %edi
    call    __cxa_guard_abort
    movq    %rbx, %rdi
    call    _Unwind_Resume
main:
    xorl    %eax, %eax
    ret

The __cxa_guard_acquire, __cxa_guard_release etc. are guarding initialization of the static variable.