Hidden features of mod_rewrite

Question

Where to place mod_rewrite rules

mod_rewrite rules may be placed within the httpd.conf file, or within the .htaccess file. if you have access to httpd.conf, placing rules here will offer a performance benefit (as the rules are processed once, as opposed to each time the .htaccess file is called).

Logging mod_rewrite requests

Logging may be enabled from within the httpd.conf file (including <Virtual Host>):

# logs can't be enabled from .htaccess
# loglevel > 2 is really spammy!
RewriteLog /path/to/rewrite.log
RewriteLogLevel 2

Common use cases

1. To funnel all requests to a single point:

   RewriteEngine on
   # ignore existing files
   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f   
   # ignore existing directories
   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d   
   # map requests to index.php and append as a query string
   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?query=$1 
   

   Since Apache 2.2.16 you can also use FallbackResource.

2. Handling 301/302 redirects:

   RewriteEngine on
   # 302 Temporary Redirect (302 is the default, but can be specified for clarity)
   RewriteRule ^oldpage\.html$ /newpage.html [R=302]  
   # 301 Permanent Redirect
   RewriteRule ^oldpage2\.html$ /newpage.html [R=301] 
   

   Note: external redirects are implicitly 302 redirects:

   # this rule:
   RewriteRule ^somepage\.html$ http://google.com
   # is equivalent to:
   RewriteRule ^somepage\.html$ http://google.com [R]
   # and:
   RewriteRule ^somepage\.html$ http://google.com [R=302]
   

3. Forcing SSL

   RewriteEngine on
   RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://example.com/$1 [R,L]
   

4. Common flags:

   • [R] or [redirect] - force a redirect (defaults to a 302 temporary redirect)
   • [R=301] or [redirect=301] - force a 301 permanent redirect
   • [L] or [last] - stop rewriting process (see note below in common pitfalls)
   • [NC] or [nocase] - specify that matching should be case insensitive

   
   Using the long-form of flags is often more readable and will help others who come to read your code later.

   You can separate multiple flags with a comma:

   RewriteRule ^olddir(.*)$ /newdir$1 [L,NC]
   

Common pitfalls

1. Mixing mod_alias style redirects with mod_rewrite

   # Bad
   Redirect 302 /somepage.html http://example.com/otherpage.html
   RewriteEngine on
   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?query=$1
   
   # Good (use mod_rewrite for both)
   RewriteEngine on
   # 302 redirect and stop processing
   RewriteRule ^somepage.html$ /otherpage.html [R=302,L] 
   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
   RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
   # handle other redirects
   RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?query=$1                 
   

   Note: you can mix mod_alias with mod_rewrite, but it involves more work than just handling basic redirects as above.

2. Context affects syntax

   Within .htaccess files, a leading slash is not used in the RewriteRule pattern:

   # given: GET /directory/file.html
   
   # .htaccess
   # result: /newdirectory/file.html
   RewriteRule ^directory(.*)$ /newdirectory$1
   
   # .htaccess
   # result: no match!
   RewriteRule ^/directory(.*)$ /newdirectory$1
   
   # httpd.conf
   # result: /newdirectory/file.html
   RewriteRule ^/directory(.*)$ /newdirectory$1
   
   # Putting a "?" after the slash will allow it to work in both contexts:
   RewriteRule ^/?directory(.*)$ /newdirectory$1
   

3. [L] is not last! (sometimes)

   The [L] flag stops processing any further rewrite rules for that pass through the rule set. However, if the URL was modified in that pass and you're in the .htaccess context or the <Directory> section, then your modified request is going to be passed back through the URL parsing engine again. And on the next pass, it may match a different rule this time. If you don't understand this, it often looks like your [L] flag had no effect.

   # processing does not stop here
   RewriteRule ^dirA$ /dirB [L] 
   # /dirC will be the final result
   RewriteRule ^dirB$ /dirC     
   

   Our rewrite log shows that the rules are run twice and the URL is updated twice:

   rewrite 'dirA' -> '/dirB'
   internal redirect with /dirB [INTERNAL REDIRECT]
   rewrite 'dirB' -> '/dirC'
   

   The best way around this is to use the [END] flag (see Apache docs) instead of the [L] flag, if you truly want to stop all further processing of rules (and subsequent passes). However, the [END] flag is only available for Apache v2.3.9+, so if you have v2.2 or lower, you're stuck with just the [L] flag.

   For earlier versions, you must rely on RewriteCond statements to prevent matching of rules on subsequent passes of the URL parsing engine.

   # Only process the following RewriteRule if on the first pass
   RewriteCond %{ENV:REDIRECT_STATUS} ^$
   RewriteRule ...
   

   Or you must ensure that your RewriteRule's are in a context (i.e. httpd.conf) that will not cause your request to be re-parsed.

if you need to 'block' internal redirects / rewrites from happening in the .htaccess, take a look at the

RewriteCond %{ENV:REDIRECT_STATUS} ^$

condition, as discussed here.

The deal with RewriteBase:

You almost always need to set RewriteBase. If you don't, apache guesses that your base is the physical disk path to your directory. So start with this:

RewriteBase /

Other Pitfalls:

1- Sometimes it's a good idea to disable MultiViews

Options -MultiViews

I'm not well verse on all of MultiViews capabilities, but I know that it messes up my mod_rewrite rules when active, because one of its properties is to try and 'guess' an extension to a file that it thinks I'm looking for.

I'll explain: Suppose you have 2 php files in your web dir, file1.php and file2.php and you add these conditions and rule to your .htaccess :

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ file1.php/$1 

You assume that all urls that do not match a file or a directory will be grabbed by file1.php. Surprise! This rule is not being honored for the url http://myhost/file2/somepath. Instead you're taken inside file2.php.

What's going on is that MultiViews automagically guessed that the url that you actually wanted was http://myhost/file2.php/somepath and gladly took you there.

Now, you have no clue what just happened and you're at that point questioning everything that you thought you knew about mod_rewrite. You then start playing around with rules to try to make sense of the logic behind this new situation, but the more you're testing the less sense it makes.

Ok, In short if you want mod_rewrite to work in a way that approximates logic, turning off MultiViews is a step in the right direction.

2- enable FollowSymlinks

Options +FollowSymLinks 

That one, I don't really know the details of, but I've seen it mentioned many times, so just do it.

Equation can be done with following example:

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/(server0|server1).*$ [NC]
# %1 is the string that was found above
# %1<>%{HTTP_COOKIE} concatenates first macht with mod_rewrite variable -> "test0<>foo=bar;"
#RewriteCond search for a (.*) in the second part -> \1 is a reference to (.*)
# <> is used as an string separator/indicator, can be replaced by any other character
RewriteCond %1<>%{HTTP_COOKIE} !^(.*)<>.*stickysession=\1.*$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://notmatch.domain.com/ [R=301,L]

Dynamic Load Balancing:

If you use the mod_proxy to balance your system, it's possible to add a dynamic range of worker server.

RewriteCond %{HTTP_COOKIE} ^.*stickysession=route\.server([0-9]{1,2}).*$ [NC]
RewriteRule (.*) https://worker%1.internal.com/$1 [P,L]