functools.partial on class method

Question

I'm trying to define some class methods using another more generic class method as follows:

class RGB(object):     def __init__(self, red, blue, green):         super(RGB, self).__init__()         self._red = red         self._blue = blue         self._green = green      def _color(self, type):         return getattr(self, type)      red = functools.partial(_color, type='_red')     blue = functools.partial(_color, type='_blue')     green = functools.partial(_color, type='_green') 

But when i attempt to invoke any of those methods i get:

rgb = RGB(100, 192, 240) print rgb.red() TypeError: _color() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given) 

I guess self is not passed to _color since rgb.red(rgb) works.

Answer 1

You are creating partials on the function, not the method. functools.partial() objects are not descriptors, they will not themselves add the self argument and cannot act as methods themselves. You can only wrap bound methods or functions, they don't work at all with unbound methods. This is documented:

partial objects are like function objects in that they are callable, weak referencable, and can have attributes. There are some important differences. For instance, the __name__ and __doc__ attributes are not created automatically. Also, partial objects defined in classes behave like static methods and do not transform into bound methods during instance attribute look-up.

Use propertys instead; these are descriptors:

class RGB(object):     def __init__(self, red, blue, green):         super(RGB, self).__init__()         self._red = red         self._blue = blue         self._green = green      def _color(self, type):         return getattr(self, type)      @property     def red(self): return self._color('_red')     @property     def blue(self): return self._color('_blue')     @property     def green(self): return self._color('_green') 

As of Python 3.4, you can use the new functools.partialmethod() object here; it'll do the right thing when bound to an instance:

class RGB(object):     def __init__(self, red, blue, green):         super(RGB, self).__init__()         self._red = red         self._blue = blue         self._green = green      def _color(self, type):         return getattr(self, type)      red = functools.partialmethod(_color, type='_red')     blue = functools.partialmethod(_color, type='_blue')     green = functools.partialmethod(_color, type='_green') 

but these'd have to be called, whilst the property objects can be used as simple attributes.

Answer 2

The issue with partialmethod is that it is not compatible with inspect.signature, functools.wraps,...

Weirdly enough, if you re-implement functools.partial yourself using the partial documentation implementation example, it will work:

# Implementation from: # https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.partial def partial(func, /, *args, **keywords):     def newfunc(*fargs, **fkeywords):         newkeywords = {**keywords, **fkeywords}         return func(*args, *fargs, **newkeywords)     newfunc.func = func     newfunc.args = args     newfunc.keywords = keywords     return newfunc 

class RGB(object):     def __init__(self, red, blue, green):         super(RGB, self).__init__()         self._red = red         self._blue = blue         self._green = green      def _color(self, type):         return getattr(self, type)      red = partial(_color, type='_red')     blue = partial(_color, type='_blue')     green = partial(_color, type='_green')  rgb = RGB(100, 192, 240) print(rgb.red())  # Print red 

The reason is that newfunc is a true function which implement the descriptor protocol with newfunc.__get__. While type(functools.partial) is a custom class with __call__ overwritten. Class won't add the self parameter automatically.