Functions with const arguments and Overloading

Question

Was tryin out the stackeroverflow qn so it got me thinking why not overload the the function and I came up with a slightly different code but it says the function cannot be overloaded. My question is why? or is there a another way?

 #include <iostream>
 using std::cout;

 class Test {
         public:
         Test(){ }
         int foo (const int) const;
         int foo (int );
 };

 int main ()
 {
         Test obj;
         Test const obj1;
         int variable=0;
     do{
         obj.foo(3);        // Call the const function 
          obj.foo(variable); // Want to make it call the non const function 
         variable++;
             usleep (2000000);
        }while(1);
 }

 int Test::foo(int a)
 {
    cout<<"NON CONST"<<std::endl;
    a++;
    return a;
 }

 int Test::foo (const int a) const
 {
    cout<<"CONST"<<std::endl;
    return a;
 }

Answer 1

You can't overload based only on the constness of a non pointer, non reference type.

Think for instance if you were the compiler. Faced with the line:

 cout <<obj.foo(3);

which function would you call?

As you are passing by value the value gets copied either way. The const on the argument is only relevant to the function definition.

Answer 2

§13.1 where the Standard discusses about declarations that cannot be overloaded states -

Parameter declarations that differ only in the presence or absence of const and/or volatile are equivalent. That is, the const and volatile type-specifiers for each parameter type are ignored [...]

Only the const and volatile type-specifiers at the outermost level of the parameter type specification are ignored in this fashion; const and volatile type-specifiers buried within a parameter type specification are significant and can be used to distinguish overloaded function declarations. [...]

when determining which function is being declared, defined, or called. "In particular, for any type T, “pointer to T,” “pointer to const T,” and “pointer to volatile T” are considered distinct parameter types, as are “reference to T,” “reference to const T,” and “reference to volatile T.”

EDIT 2:

As the post is essentially the same as the reffered post, except that the overloaded functions are now class member functions, I am trying to illustrate an additional aspect that could be useful to illustrate the concept of overloading which is not the same as overloading based on the 'constness' of the arguments (either in class scope or namespace scope). However the OP wanted to know how to differentiate the two overloads.

A way to overload them successfully relies on the cv qualification of the implied first parameter in case of member function calls as shown. The 'const' member function can only be called when the object expression used to invoke the overloaded member function is also a const. When a non const object expression is used to invoke the overloaded member function call, the non const version is preferred as it is an exact match (the call to const member function overload will require cv qualification of the first implied argument)

#include <iostream> 
using std::cout; 

class Test { 
        public: 
        Test(){}
        int foo (const int) const; 
        int foo (int ); 
}; 

int main () 
{ 
        Test obj;
        Test const objc;  // const object
        obj.foo(3);       // calls non const overload, object expression obj is non const
        objc.foo(3);      // calls const overload, object expression objc is const
} 

int Test::foo(int a) 
{ 
   a++; 
   return a; 
} 

int Test::foo (const int a) const
{ 
   return a; 
}