Failed to install Python Cryptography package with PIP and setup.py

Question

When I try to install the Cryptography package for Python through either pip install cryptography or by downloading the package from their site and running python setup.py, I get the following error:

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D:\Anaconda\Scripts\pip-script.py run on 02/27/14 16:13:17 Downloading/unpacking cryptography   Getting page https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/   URLs to search for versions for cryptography:   * https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/   Analyzing links from page https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp26/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp26-none-win32.whl#md5=13e5c4b19520e7dc6f07c6502b3f74e2 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp26/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp26-none-win32.whl#md5=00e733648ee5cdb9e58876238b1328f8 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp27/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp27-none-win32.whl#md5=013ccafa6a5a3ea92c73f2c1c4879406 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp27/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp27-none-win32.whl#md5=127d6a5dc687250721f892d55720a06c (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp32/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp32-none-win32.whl#md5=051424a36e91039807b72f112333ded3 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp32/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp32-none-win32.whl#md5=53f6f57db8e952d64283baaa14cbde3d (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp33/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2-cp33-none-win32.whl#md5=302812c1c1a035cf9ba3292f8dbf3f9e (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Skipping https://pypi.python.org/packages/cp33/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1-cp33-none-win32.whl#md5=81acca90caf8a45f2ca73f3f9859fae4 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/) because it is not compatible with this Python     Found link https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.1.tar.gz#md5=bdc1c5fe069deca7467b71a0cc538f17 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/), version: 0.1     Found link https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1.tar.gz#md5=872fc04268dadc66a0305ae5ab1c123b (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/), version: 0.2.1     Found link https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.tar.gz#md5=8a3d21e837a21e1b7634ee1f22b06bb6 (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/), version: 0.2   Using version 0.2.1 (newest of versions: 0.2.1, 0.2, 0.1)   Downloading from URL https://pypi.python.org/packages/source/c/cryptography/cryptography-0.2.1.tar.gz#md5=872fc04268dadc66a0305ae5ab1c123b (from https://pypi.python.org/simple/cryptography/)   Running setup.py (path:c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography\setup.py) egg_info for package cryptography     In file included from c/_cffi_backend.c:7:0:     c/misc_win32.h:225:23: error: two or more data types in declaration specifiers     c/misc_win32.h:225:1: warning: useless type name in empty declaration [enabled by default]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_array_from_object':     c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_struct_from_object':     c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_repr':     c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: unknown conversion type character 'L' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdataowning_repr':     c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_get_indexed_ptr':     c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_getslicearg':     c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_ass_slice':     c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_call':     c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cast_to_integer_or_char':     c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'new_array_type':     c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'l' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'b_complete_struct_or_union':     c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]     c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]     Traceback (most recent call last):       File "<string>", line 17, in <module>       File "c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography\setup.py", line 113, in <module>         "build": cffi_build,       File "D:\Anaconda\lib\distutils\core.py", line 112, in setup         _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)       File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 239, in __init__       File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 264, in fetch_build_eggs       File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 580, in resolve         dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)       File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 818, in best_match         return self.obtain(req, installer) # try and download/install       File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 830, in obtain         return installer(requirement)       File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 314, in fetch_build_egg       File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 593, in easy_install        File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 623, in install_item        File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 809, in install_eggs        File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1015, in build_and_install        File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1003, in run_setup      distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Setup script exited with error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1     Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:     In file included from c/_cffi_backend.c:7:0:  c/misc_win32.h:225:23: error: two or more data types in declaration specifiers  c/misc_win32.h:225:1: warning: useless type name in empty declaration [enabled by default]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_array_from_object':  c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1105:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1130:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1150:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'convert_struct_from_object':  c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1183:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1196:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_repr':  c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: unknown conversion type character 'L' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1583:13: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1595:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdataowning_repr':  c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1647:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_get_indexed_ptr':  c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1820:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function '_cdata_getslicearg':  c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1872:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_ass_slice':  c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1951:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1969:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:1983:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cdata_call':  c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:2367:30: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'cast_to_integer_or_char':  c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:2916:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: format '%s' expects argument of type 'char *', but argument 3 has type 'Py_ssize_t' [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:2928:26: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'new_array_type':  c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: unknown conversion type character 'l' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:3480:9: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  c/_cffi_backend.c: In function 'b_complete_struct_or_union':  c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: unknown conversion type character 'z' in format [-Wformat]  c/_cffi_backend.c:3878:22: warning: too many arguments for format [-Wformat-extra-args]  Traceback (most recent call last):    File "<string>", line 17, in <module>    File "c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography\setup.py", line 113, in <module>      "build": cffi_build,    File "D:\Anaconda\lib\distutils\core.py", line 112, in setup      _setup_distribution = dist = klass(attrs)    File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 239, in __init__    File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 264, in fetch_build_eggs    File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 580, in resolve      dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(req, ws, installer)    File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 818, in best_match      return self.obtain(req, installer) # try and download/install    File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\pkg_resources.py", line 830, in obtain      return installer(requirement)    File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\dist.py", line 314, in fetch_build_egg    File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 593, in easy_install      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 623, in install_item      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 809, in install_eggs      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1015, in build_and_install      File "build\bdist.win-amd64\egg\setuptools\command\easy_install.py", line 1003, in run_setup    distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Setup script exited with error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 1  ---------------------------------------- Cleaning up...   Removing temporary dir c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco... Command python setup.py egg_info failed with error code 1 in c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography Exception information: Traceback (most recent call last):   File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\basecommand.py", line 122, in main     status = self.run(options, args)   File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\commands\install.py", line 278, in run     requirement_set.prepare_files(finder, force_root_egg_info=self.bundle, bundle=self.bundle)   File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\req.py", line 1229, in prepare_files     req_to_install.run_egg_info()   File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\req.py", line 325, in run_egg_info     command_desc='python setup.py egg_info')   File "D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\pip-1.5.4-py2.7.egg\pip\util.py", line 697, in call_subprocess     % (command_desc, proc.returncode, cwd)) InstallationError: Command python setup.py egg_info failed with error code 1 in c:\users\paco\appdata\local\temp\pip_build_Paco\cryptography 

I found other egg_info error posts (here and here) but the solutions there provided wouldn't solve my problem. Also, I am able to install other packages through PIP.

PIP version 1.5.4 setuptools version 2.2

Answer 1

I had a similar issue, and found I was simply missing a dependency (libssl-dev, for me). As referenced in https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/, ensure that all dependencies are met:

On Windows

If you’re on Windows you’ll need to make sure you have OpenSSL installed. There are pre-compiled binaries available. If your installation is in an unusual location set the LIB and INCLUDE environment variables to include the corresponding locations. For example:

C:\> \path\to\vcvarsall.bat x86_amd64 C:\> set LIB=C:\OpenSSL-1.0.1f-64bit\lib;%LIB% C:\> set INCLUDE=C:\OpenSSL-1.0.1f-64bit\include;%INCLUDE% C:\> pip install cryptography 

Building cryptography on Linux

cryptography should build very easily on Linux provided you have a C compiler, headers for Python (if you’re not using pypy), and headers for the OpenSSL and libffi libraries available on your system.

For Debian and Ubuntu, the following command will ensure that the required dependencies are installed:

sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev 

For Fedora and RHEL-derivatives, the following command will ensure that the required dependencies are installed:

sudo yum install gcc libffi-devel python-devel OpenSSL-devel 

You should now be able to build and install cryptography with the usual.

pip install cryptography 

Answer 2

This is a condensed version of the information found on cryptography's installation docs page. Consult that page for the latest details.

Since this SO question keeps coming up I'll drop a response here too (I am one of the pyca/cryptography developers). Here's what you need to reliably install pyca/cryptography on the 3 major platforms.

Please note in all these cases it is highly recommended that you install into a virtualenv and not into the global package space. This is not specific to cryptography but rather is generic advice to keep your Python installation reliable. The global package space in OS provided Pythons is owned by the system and installing things via pip into it is asking for trouble.

Windows

Upgrade to the latest pip and just pip install cryptography

cryptography and cffi are both shipped as statically linked wheels.

macOS (OS X)

Upgrade to the latest pip and just pip install cryptography

cryptography and cffi are both shipped as statically linked wheels. This will work for pyenv Python, system Python, homebrew Python, etc. As long as you're on the latest pip you won't even need a compiler.

Linux

Users with the latest pip (upgrade!) running on a glibc-based or musl-based distribution and on x86/x86-64/aarch64 no longer need a compiler or headers because you'll get a precompiled wheel automatically. So, first thing you should try is upgrading your pip and installing the latest cryptography version as older versions don't get newer wheel types.

If you aren't manylinux/musllinux compatible or wish to compile against your own OpenSSL then here's what you need to do:

You'll need a C compiler, a Rust compiler, libffi + its development headers, and openssl + its development headers.

Debian or Ubuntu derived distributions

apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev followed by

pip install cryptography

Red Hat derived distributions

yum install gcc openssl-devel libffi-devel python-devel followed by

pip install cryptography

Note that as of version 3.4 cryptography now requires a Rust compiler at build time (not at runtime) so you will additionally need Rust >= 1.41.0. Check your distribution's rust or install it via rustup