Examples of GoF Design Patterns in Java's core libraries

Question

You can find an overview of a lot of design patterns in Wikipedia. It also mentions which patterns are mentioned by GoF. I'll sum them up here and try to assign as many pattern implementations as possible, found in both the Java SE and Java EE APIs.

---

Creational patterns

Abstract factory ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods returning the factory itself which in turn can be used to create another abstract/interface type)}}

• javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory#newInstance()
• javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory#newInstance()
• javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory#newInstance()

Builder ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods returning the instance itself)}}

• java.lang.StringBuilder#append() (unsynchronized)
• java.lang.StringBuffer#append() (synchronized)
• java.nio.ByteBuffer#put() (also on CharBuffer, ShortBuffer, IntBuffer, LongBuffer, FloatBuffer and DoubleBuffer)
• javax.swing.GroupLayout.Group#addComponent()
• All implementations of java.lang.Appendable
• java.util.stream.Stream.Builder

Factory method ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods returning an implementation of an abstract/interface type)}}

• java.util.Calendar#getInstance()
• java.util.ResourceBundle#getBundle()
• java.text.NumberFormat#getInstance()
• java.nio.charset.Charset#forName()
• java.net.URLStreamHandlerFactory#createURLStreamHandler(String) (Returns singleton object per protocol)
• java.util.EnumSet#of()
• javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext#createMarshaller() and other similar methods

Prototype ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods returning a different instance of itself with the same properties)}}

• java.lang.Object#clone() (the class has to implement java.lang.Cloneable)

Singleton ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods returning the same instance (usually of itself) everytime)}}

• java.lang.Runtime#getRuntime()
• java.awt.Desktop#getDesktop()
• java.lang.System#getSecurityManager()

---

Structural patterns

Adapter ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods taking an instance of different abstract/interface type and returning an implementation of own/another abstract/interface type which decorates/overrides the given instance)}}

• java.util.Arrays#asList()
• java.util.Collections#list()
• java.util.Collections#enumeration()
• java.io.InputStreamReader(InputStream) (returns a Reader)
• java.io.OutputStreamWriter(OutputStream) (returns a Writer)
• javax.xml.bind.annotation.adapters.XmlAdapter#marshal() and #unmarshal()

Bridge ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods taking an instance of different abstract/interface type and returning an implementation of own abstract/interface type which delegates/uses the given instance)}}

• None comes to mind yet. A fictive example would be new LinkedHashMap(LinkedHashSet<K>, List<V>) which returns an unmodifiable linked map which doesn't clone the items, but uses them. The java.util.Collections#newSetFromMap() and singletonXXX() methods however comes close.

Composite ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods taking an instance of same abstract/interface type into a tree structure)}}

• java.awt.Container#add(Component) (practically all over Swing thus)
• javax.faces.component.UIComponent#getChildren() (practically all over JSF UI thus)

Decorator ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods taking an instance of same abstract/interface type which adds additional behaviour)}}

• All subclasses of java.io.InputStream, OutputStream, Reader and Writer have a constructor taking an instance of same type.
• java.util.Collections, the checkedXXX(), synchronizedXXX() and unmodifiableXXX() methods.
• javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequestWrapper and HttpServletResponseWrapper
• javax.swing.JScrollPane

Facade ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods which internally uses instances of different independent abstract/interface types)}}

• javax.faces.context.FacesContext, it internally uses among others the abstract/interface types LifeCycle, ViewHandler, NavigationHandler and many more without that the enduser has to worry about it (which are however overrideable by injection).
• javax.faces.context.ExternalContext, which internally uses ServletContext, HttpSession, HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, etc.

Flyweight ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods returning a cached instance, a bit the "multiton" idea)}}

• java.lang.Integer#valueOf(int) (also on Boolean, Byte, Character, Short, Long and BigDecimal)

Proxy ^{_{(recognizeable by creational methods which returns an implementation of given abstract/interface type which in turn delegates/uses a different implementation of given abstract/interface type)}}

• java.lang.reflect.Proxy
• java.rmi.*
• javax.ejb.EJB (explanation here)
• javax.inject.Inject (explanation here)
• javax.persistence.PersistenceContext

---

Behavioral patterns

Chain of responsibility ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods which (indirectly) invokes the same method in another implementation of same abstract/interface type in a queue)}}

• java.util.logging.Logger#log()
• javax.servlet.Filter#doFilter()

Command ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods in an abstract/interface type which invokes a method in an implementation of a different abstract/interface type which has been encapsulated by the command implementation during its creation)}}

• All implementations of java.lang.Runnable
• All implementations of javax.swing.Action

Interpreter ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods returning a structurally different instance/type of the given instance/type; note that parsing/formatting is not part of the pattern, determining the pattern and how to apply it is)}}

• java.util.Pattern
• java.text.Normalizer
• All subclasses of java.text.Format
• All subclasses of javax.el.ELResolver

Iterator ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods sequentially returning instances of a different type from a queue)}}

• All implementations of java.util.Iterator (thus among others also java.util.Scanner!).
• All implementations of java.util.Enumeration

Mediator ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods taking an instance of different abstract/interface type (usually using the command pattern) which delegates/uses the given instance)}}

• java.util.Timer (all scheduleXXX() methods)
• java.util.concurrent.Executor#execute()
• java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService (the invokeXXX() and submit() methods)
• java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService (all scheduleXXX() methods)
• java.lang.reflect.Method#invoke()

Memento ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods which internally changes the state of the whole instance)}}

• java.util.Date (the setter methods do that, Date is internally represented by a long value)
• All implementations of java.io.Serializable
• All implementations of javax.faces.component.StateHolder

Observer (or Publish/Subscribe) ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods which invokes a method on an instance of another abstract/interface type, depending on own state)}}

• java.util.Observer/java.util.Observable (rarely used in real world though)
• All implementations of java.util.EventListener (practically all over Swing thus)
• javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingListener
• javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionAttributeListener
• javax.faces.event.PhaseListener

State ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods which changes its behaviour depending on the instance's state which can be controlled externally)}}

• javax.faces.lifecycle.LifeCycle#execute() (controlled by FacesServlet, the behaviour is dependent on current phase (state) of JSF lifecycle)

Strategy ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods in an abstract/interface type which invokes a method in an implementation of a different abstract/interface type which has been passed-in as method argument into the strategy implementation)}}

• java.util.Comparator#compare(), executed by among others Collections#sort().
• javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet, the service() and all doXXX() methods take HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse and the implementor has to process them (and not to get hold of them as instance variables!).
• javax.servlet.Filter#doFilter()

Template method ^{_{(recognizeable by behavioral methods which already have a "default" behaviour defined by an abstract type)}}

• All non-abstract methods of java.io.InputStream, java.io.OutputStream, java.io.Reader and java.io.Writer.
• All non-abstract methods of java.util.AbstractList, java.util.AbstractSet and java.util.AbstractMap.
• javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet, all the doXXX() methods by default sends a HTTP 405 "Method Not Allowed" error to the response. You're free to implement none or any of them.

Visitor ^{_{(recognizeable by two different abstract/interface types which has methods defined which takes each the other abstract/interface type; the one actually calls the method of the other and the other executes the desired strategy on it)}}

• javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationValue and AnnotationValueVisitor
• javax.lang.model.element.Element and ElementVisitor
• javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror and TypeVisitor
• java.nio.file.FileVisitor and SimpleFileVisitor
• javax.faces.component.visit.VisitContext and VisitCallback

1. Observer pattern throughout whole swing (Observable, Observer)
2. MVC also in swing
3. Adapter pattern: InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter NOTE: ContainerAdapter, ComponentAdapter, FocusAdapter, KeyAdapter, MouseAdapter are not adapters; they are actually Null Objects. Poor naming choice by Sun.
4. Decorator pattern (BufferedInputStream can decorate other streams such as FilterInputStream)
5. AbstractFactory Pattern for the AWT Toolkit and the Swing pluggable look-and-feel classes
6. java.lang.Runtime#getRuntime() is Singleton
7. ButtonGroup for Mediator pattern
8. Action, AbstractAction may be used for different visual representations to execute same code -> Command pattern
9. Interned Strings or CellRender in JTable for Flyweight Pattern (Also think about various pools - Thread pools, connection pools, EJB object pools - Flyweight is really about management of shared resources)
10. The Java 1.0 event model is an example of Chain of Responsibility, as are Servlet Filters.
11. Iterator pattern in Collections Framework
12. Nested containers in AWT/Swing use the Composite pattern
13. Layout Managers in AWT/Swing are an example of Strategy

and many more I guess

1. Flyweight is used with some values of Byte, Short, Integer, Long and String.
2. Facade is used in many place but the most obvious is Scripting interfaces.
3. Singleton - java.lang.Runtime comes to mind.
4. Abstract Factory - Also Scripting and JDBC API.
5. Command - TextComponent's Undo/Redo.
6. Interpreter - RegEx (java.util.regex.) and SQL (java.sql.) API.
7. Prototype - Not 100% sure if this count, but I thinkg clone() method can be used for this purpose.

RMI is based on Proxy.

Should be possible to cite one for most of the 23 patterns in GoF:

1. Abstract Factory: java.sql interfaces all get their concrete implementations from JDBC JAR when driver is registered.
2. Builder: java.lang.StringBuilder.
3. Factory Method: XML factories, among others.
4. Prototype: Maybe clone(), but I'm not sure I'm buying that.
5. Singleton: java.lang.System
6. Adapter: Adapter classes in java.awt.event, e.g., WindowAdapter.
7. Bridge: Collection classes in java.util. List implemented by ArrayList.
8. Composite: java.awt. java.awt.Component + java.awt.Container
9. Decorator: All over the java.io package.
10. Facade: ExternalContext behaves as a facade for performing cookie, session scope and similar operations.
11. Flyweight: Integer, Character, etc.
12. Proxy: java.rmi package
13. Chain of Responsibility: Servlet filters
14. Command: Swing menu items
15. Interpreter: No directly in JDK, but JavaCC certainly uses this.
16. Iterator: java.util.Iterator interface; can't be clearer than that.
17. Mediator: JMS?
18. Memento:
19. Observer: java.util.Observer/Observable (badly done, though)
20. State:
21. Strategy:
22. Template:
23. Visitor:

I can't think of examples in Java for 10 out of the 23, but I'll see if I can do better tomorrow. That's what edit is for.

The Abstract Factory pattern is used in various places. E.g., DatagramSocketImplFactory, PreferencesFactory. There are many more---search the Javadoc for interfaces which have the word "Factory" in their name.

Also there are quite a few instances of the Factory pattern, too.

Even though I'm sort of a broken clock with this one, Java XML API uses Factory a lot. I mean just look at this:

Document doc = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance().newDocumentBuilder().parse(source);
String title = XPathFactory.newInstance().newXPath().evaluate("//title", doc);

...and so on and so forth.

Additionally various Buffers (StringBuffer, ByteBuffer, StringBuilder) use Builder.

• Factory method

java.util.Collection#Iterator is a good example of a Factory Method. Depending on the concrete subclass of Collection you use, it will create an Iterator implementation. Because both the Factory superclass (Collection) and the Iterator created are interfaces, it is sometimes confused with AbstractFactory. Most of the examples for AbstractFactory in the the accepted answer (BalusC) are examples of Factory, a simplified version of Factory Method, which is not part of the original GoF patterns. In Facory the Factory class hierarchy is collapsed and the factory uses other means to choose the product to be returned.

• Abstract Factory

An abstract factory has multiple factory methods, each creating a different product. The products produced by one factory are intended to be used together (your printer and cartridges better be from the same (abstract) factory). As mentioned in answers above the families of AWT GUI components, differing from platform to platform, are an example of this (although its implementation differs from the structure described in Gof).