DOM manipulation without JavaScript

Question

When working on client-side DOM manipulation, we usually use JavaScript or jQuery. I am wondering if there is any other way to do this without JavaScript or JavaScript-based libraries?

Answer 1

Yes and no.

It depends on "browser vendors" and which interpretors they implement into their product. They pretty-much all have the JS JIT compilers now. Chrome has (had?) a dart interpreter. Throughout history some vendors have tried to "replace" javascript with another scripting language. Due to the ubiquity of the web and it's widespread massive global usage, replacing something as fundamental as the use of javascript inside browsers has proven to always be a failure. Even add-on languages have died with time. I think this was dart's (Google) case.

So, theoretically "yes", in practice: "no".