Do class/struct members always get created in memory in the order they were declared?

Question

This is a question that was sparked by Rob Walker's answer here.

Suppose I declare a class/struct like so:

struct {      char A;     int B;     char C;     int D; }; 

Is it safe to assume that these members will be declared in exactly that order in memory, or is this a compiler dependent thing? I'm asking because I had always assumed that the compiler can do whatever it wants with them.

This leads into my next question. If the above example causes memory alignment issues, why can the compiler not just turn that into something like this implicitly:

struct {      char A;     char C;     int B;     int D; }; 

(I'm primarily asking about C++, but I'd be interested to hear the C answer as well)

Related topics

• Why doesn't GCC optimize structs?

Answer 1

C99 §6.7.2.1 clause 13 states:

Within a structure object, the non-bit-field members and the units in which bit-fields reside have addresses that increase in the order in which they are declared.

and goes on to say a bit more about padding and addresses. The C89 equivalent section is §6.5.2.1.

C++ is a bit more complicated. In the 1998 and 2003 standards, there is §9.2 clause 12 (clause 15 in C++11):

Nonstatic data members of a (non-union) class declared without an intervening access-specifier are allocated so that later members have higher addresses within a class object. The order of allocation of nonstatic data members separated by an access-specifier is unspecified (11.1). Implementation alignment requirements might cause two adjacent members not to be allocated immediately after each other; so might requirements for space for managing virtual functions (10.3) and virtual base classes (10.1).