Difference between single and double bracket Numpy array?

Question

What is the difference between these two numpy objects?

import numpy as np
np.array([[0,0,0,0]])
np.array([0,0,0,0])

Answer 1

In [71]: np.array([[0,0,0,0]]).shape
Out[71]: (1, 4)

In [72]: np.array([0,0,0,0]).shape
Out[72]: (4,)

The former is a 1 x 4 two-dimensional array, the latter a 4 element one-dimensional array.

Answer 2

The difference between single and double brackets starts with lists:

In [91]: ll=[0,1,2]
In [92]: ll1=[[0,1,2]]
In [93]: len(ll)
Out[93]: 3
In [94]: len(ll1)
Out[94]: 1
In [95]: len(ll1[0])
Out[95]: 3

ll is a list of 3 items. ll1 is a list of 1 item; that item is another list. Remember, a list can contain a variety of different objects, numbers, strings, other lists, etc.

Your 2 expressions effectively make arrays from two such lists

In [96]: np.array(ll)
Out[96]: array([0, 1, 2])
In [97]: _.shape
Out[97]: (3,)
In [98]: np.array(ll1)
Out[98]: array([[0, 1, 2]])
In [99]: _.shape
Out[99]: (1, 3)

Here the list of lists has been turned into a 2d array. In a subtle way numpy blurs the distinction between the list and the nested list, since the difference between the two arrays lies in their shape, not a fundamental structure. array(ll)[None,:] produces the (1,3) version, while array(ll1).ravel() produces a (3,) version.

In the end result the difference between single and double brackets is a difference in the number of array dimensions, but we shouldn't loose sight of the fact that Python first creates different lists.