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Dart's Web Component and Angular's Directives look like they serve very similar purposes. Are there any significant differences?
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The Component is used to break up the application into smaller components. That is why components are widely used in later versions of Angular to make things easy and build a total component-based model. The Directive is used to design reusable components, which are more behavior-oriented.
Yes, in Angular 2, Components are a type of Directive. According to the Doc, “Angular components are a subset of directives. Unlike directives, components always have a template and only one component can be instantiated per an element in a template.”
What are Directives? At a high level, directives are markers on a DOM element (such as an attribute, element name, comment or CSS class) that tell AngularJS's HTML compiler ( $compile ) to attach a specified behavior to that DOM element (e.g. via event listeners), or even to transform the DOM element and its children.
They serve similar purposes indeed. However Web Components are not a part of Dart, they are a part of browsers. Dart Web-UI does use Web Components (http://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-components-intro-20130606/). AngularJS has plans to use them for 2.0 as can be read here: http://www.2ality.com/2013/05/web-components-angular-ember.html
What it comes down to is that a lot of the functionality is shared. But Angular.js has a pure JS implementation and Darts' Web-UI uses browser techniques.
Angular will use the underlying web platform features available to it
(e.g. Node.bind, template integration, Custom Elements, etc...)
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