Comma as a separator and operator

Question

So I came across this question somewhere:

Case 1:

int a;
a = 1, 2, 3;
printf("%d", a);

Case 2:

 int a = 1, 2, 3;
 printf("%d", a);

The explanation says:

The second case gives error because comma is used as a separator, In first case = takes precedence over , so it is basically (a=1), 2, 3;

But I want to ask why does = not take precedence over , in Case 2?

Answer 1

It is not just a question of precedence, but rather a question of the language grammar: the = in both cases is not the same operator:

• in the declaration int a = 1, 2, 3;, the = token introduces an initializer which cannot be a comma expression. The , ends the initializer and the compiler issues an error because 2 is not a valid identifier for another variable.

• in the statement a = 1, 2, 3;, a = 1, 2, 3 is an expression, parsed as ((a = 1), 2), 3 because = has higher precedence than ,. = is the assignment operator whose right hand side is an expression, this assignment is the left operand of a comma operator , followed by a constant expression 2, a = 1, 2 itself the left operand of the final , operator whose right operand is 3. The statement is equivalent to ((a = 1), 2), 3);, which simplifies into a = 1;.

Answer 2

This

int a = 1, 2, 3;/* not a valid one */

is wrong because since = has higher priority, so it become int a = 1 internally and there is no name for 2 and 3 thats why this statement is not valid and cause compile time error.

To avoid this you might want to use

int a = (1, 2, 3); /* evaluate all expression inside () from L->R and assign right most expression to a i.e a=3*/

And here

int a;
a = 1,2,3; 

there are two operator = and , and see man operator. The assignment operator = has higher priority than comma operator. So it becomes a=1.

a = 1,2,3;
    | L--->R(coma operator associativity) 
    this got assigned to a

for e.g

int x = 10, y = 20,z;
z = 100,200,y=30,0; /* solve all expression form L to R, but finally it becomes z=100*/ 
printf("x = %d y = %d z = %d\n",x,y,z);/* x = 10, y = 30(not 20) z = 100 */
z = (100,200,y=30,0); /* solve all expression form L to R, but assign right most expression value to z*/ 

Answer 3

Inside variable declarations (as case 1) comma are used to declare several variables, for example:

int a,b=2,c=b+1,d; //here only b and c were initialized

An statement in C/C++ could be a list of comma separated expressions (this is what happens in case 2):

a=b+1, c+=2, b++, d = a+b+c, 3, d; //these are expressions, remember one literal is an expression too!!!