Can't use string ("1") as a subroutine ref while "strict refs" in use

Question

In a Perl daemon reacting to various events I'm trying to use a Null object pattern in 2 cases by creating anonymous subroutines, which should just return a value of 1 aka "true" (please scroll to the right to see the check subroutines for LOGIN and ALIVE events):

package User;

our %EVENTS = (
        LOGIN   => {handler => \&handleLogin,   check => sub {1},     },
        CHAT    => {handler => \&handleChat,    check => \&mayChat,   },
        JOIN    => {handler => \&handleJoin,    check => \&mayJoin,   },
        LEAVE   => {handler => \&handleLeave,   check => \&mayLeave,  },
        ALIVE   => {handler => sub {},          check => sub {1},     },
        BID     => {handler => \&handleBid,     check => \&checkArgs, },
        TAKE    => {handler => \&handleTake,    check => \&checkArgs, },
  # .... more events ....
);


sub action($$$) {
        my $user  = shift;
        my $event = shift;
        my $arg   = shift;
        my $game  = $user->{GAME};

        unless (exists $EVENTS{$event}) {
                print STDERR "wrong event: $event\n";
                return;
        }

        my $handler = $EVENTS{$event}->{handler};
        my $check   = $EVENTS{$event}->{check};

        return unless $user->$check->($arg); # XXX fails
        $user->$handler->($arg);
}

sub mayChat($$) {
        my $user = shift;

        return if $user->{KIBITZER};
}

# ...... more methods here ...

1;

Unfortunately I get the runtime error for LOGIN event:

Can't use string ("1") as a subroutine ref while "strict refs" in use

Does anybody please know how to fix it here?

How to provide a "function pointer" to an anonymous Perl subroutine?

The handler => \&sub { 1 } doesn't do it either.

Using perl 5.8.8 and perl 5.10.1 on CentOS 5.x and 6.x

UPDATE:

I've also tried following:

    my $check = $EVENTS{$event}->{check};
    return unless $check->($user, $arg);

but it doesn't help. I think this rules out the "missing blessing" suggested in some answers.

UPDATE 2:

I have extended the source code snippet in my original question. The background is: I'm in the process of refactoring of my source code and thus I've created the %EVENTS hash as listed above, so that for each incoming event (a string sent over TCP-socket from a Flash client) there is a reference to a subroutine (check) which validates the event and a reference to another subroutine (handler) which performs some actions. I'm not sure if other subroutines work - I'm stuck already at the first LOGIN event.

I also don't understand why doesn't check => sub { 1 } above work - isn't sub supposed to return a reference to an anonymous subroutine (when the name is omitted - according to perldoc perlref section 4)?

UPDATE 3:

The output of print Dumper(\%EVENTS) -

$VAR1 = {
          'PLAY' => {
                      'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                      'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                    },
          'JOIN' => {
                      'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                      'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                    },
          'OVER1' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'ALIVE' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'DISCARD' => {
                         'check' => $VAR1->{'PLAY'}{'check'},
                         'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       },
          'MISS1' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'LOGIN' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'TAKE' => {
                      'check' => $VAR1->{'PLAY'}{'check'},
                      'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                    },
          'ONEMORE' => {
                         'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                         'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       },
          'OVER2' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'MISS2' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'EXACT' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'TRUST' => {
                       'check' => $VAR1->{'PLAY'}{'check'},
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'LEAVE' => {
                       'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                     },
          'DEFEND' => {
                        'check' => $VAR1->{'PLAY'}{'check'},
                        'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                      },
          'OPEN' => {
                      'check' => $VAR1->{'PLAY'}{'check'},
                      'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                    },
          'REVEAL' => {
                        'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                        'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                      },
          'CHAT' => {
                      'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                      'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                    },
          'DECLARE' => {
                         'check' => $VAR1->{'PLAY'}{'check'},
                         'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                       },
          'BACK' => {
                      'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                      'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                    },
          'MISERE' => {
                        'check' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                        'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                      },
          'BID' => {
                     'check' => $VAR1->{'PLAY'}{'check'},
                     'handler' => sub { "DUMMY" },
                   }
        };

Answer 1

The problem is not with the particular event that is surfacing the problem; the actual bug is in action. In particular, the line

    return unless $user->$check->($arg); # XXX fails

doesn't do what you think it does. Between the presence of prototypes and Perl's willingness to try and call a sub specified by name, you wind up eventually calling User:: for the CHAT event. Which doesn't seem to be what you intended for it to do.

The more correct call looks like

    return unless $check->($user, $arg);

This expects $check to contain a subref (which it does), dereferences it and calls it. This works even though sometimes $check will refer to a prototyped function.

That leaves the problem that this procedural code doesn't respect inheritance. To do that, you have to rephrase %EVENTS a bit. Thus:

our %EVENTS = (
        LOGIN   => {handler => \&handleLogin,   check => sub {1},     },
        CHAT    => {handler => \&handleChat,    check => sub { shift->mayChat(@_) },
        ...
);

Note that you are strongly discouraged to mix function prototypes and Perl OO programming precisely because it can lead to hard-to-diagnose problems like this one.

In reference to your other question: my $foo = sub { } is indeed how you construct anonymous subroutines. But you do need to call them appropriately.

Answer 2

$check is already a code reference, so you could say

return unless $check->($arg);

Your existing code could also be salvaged if $check were a reference to code that returned a code reference:

our %EVENTS = ( LOGIN => { ..., check => sub { sub { 1 } }, } ... );

Think of sub { } as a "code reference" operator the way that \ is an operator to create a scalar reference, or [...] is an operator to create an array reference.