This is probably really simple, but all my Google results came back with JRuby, which isn't what I want to know. I'm curious if a regular Ruby app (e.g. a Rails app or a Sinatra app) could somehow be made to reference and call a Java library that's in the classpath? Ideally one that works on Heroku.
Not directly. Java libraries run within the JVM, Ruby apps in their own VM. If you want those two to communicate, you will need to create some kind of a comms channel between them (there are various solutions, see f.e. http://code.google.com/p/activemessaging/).
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