Avoid trailing zeroes in printf()

Question

I keep stumbling on the format specifiers for the printf() family of functions. What I want is to be able to print a double (or float) with a maximum given number of digits after the decimal point. If I use:

printf("%1.3f", 359.01335);
printf("%1.3f", 359.00999);

I get

359.013
359.010

Instead of the desired

359.013
359.01

Can anybody help me?

Answer 1

This can't be done with the normal printf format specifiers. The closest you could get would be:

printf("%.6g", 359.013); // 359.013
printf("%.6g", 359.01);  // 359.01

but the ".6" is the total numeric width so

printf("%.6g", 3.01357); // 3.01357

breaks it.

What you can do is to sprintf("%.20g") the number to a string buffer then manipulate the string to only have N characters past the decimal point.

Assuming your number is in the variable num, the following function will remove all but the first N decimals, then strip off the trailing zeros (and decimal point if they were all zeros).

char str[50];
sprintf (str,"%.20g",num);  // Make the number.
morphNumericString (str, 3);
:    :
void morphNumericString (char *s, int n) {
    char *p;
    int count;

    p = strchr (s,'.');         // Find decimal point, if any.
    if (p != NULL) {
        count = n;              // Adjust for more or less decimals.
        while (count >= 0) {    // Maximum decimals allowed.
             count--;
             if (*p == '\0')    // If there's less than desired.
                 break;
             p++;               // Next character.
        }

        *p-- = '\0';            // Truncate string.
        while (*p == '0')       // Remove trailing zeros.
            *p-- = '\0';

        if (*p == '.') {        // If all decimals were zeros, remove ".".
            *p = '\0';
        }
    }
}

---

If you're not happy with the truncation aspect (which would turn 0.12399 into 0.123 rather than rounding it to 0.124), you can actually use the rounding facilities already provided by printf. You just need to analyse the number before-hand to dynamically create the widths, then use those to turn the number into a string:

#include <stdio.h>

void nDecimals (char *s, double d, int n) {
    int sz; double d2;

    // Allow for negative.

    d2 = (d >= 0) ? d : -d;
    sz = (d >= 0) ? 0 : 1;

    // Add one for each whole digit (0.xx special case).

    if (d2 < 1) sz++;
    while (d2 >= 1) { d2 /= 10.0; sz++; }

    // Adjust for decimal point and fractionals.

    sz += 1 + n;

    // Create format string then use it.

    sprintf (s, "%*.*f", sz, n, d);
}

int main (void) {
    char str[50];
    double num[] = { 40, 359.01335, -359.00999,
        359.01, 3.01357, 0.111111111, 1.1223344 };
    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(num)/sizeof(*num); i++) {
        nDecimals (str, num[i], 3);
        printf ("%30.20f -> %s\n", num[i], str);
    }
    return 0;
}

The whole point of nDecimals() in this case is to correctly work out the field widths, then format the number using a format string based on that. The test harness main() shows this in action:

  40.00000000000000000000 -> 40.000
 359.01335000000000263753 -> 359.013
-359.00999000000001615263 -> -359.010
 359.00999999999999090505 -> 359.010
   3.01357000000000008200 -> 3.014
   0.11111111099999999852 -> 0.111
   1.12233439999999995429 -> 1.122

Once you have the correctly rounded value, you can once again pass that to morphNumericString() to remove trailing zeros by simply changing:

nDecimals (str, num[i], 3);

into:

nDecimals (str, num[i], 3);
morphNumericString (str, 3);

(or calling morphNumericString at the end of nDecimals but, in that case, I'd probably just combine the two into one function), and you end up with:

  40.00000000000000000000 -> 40
 359.01335000000000263753 -> 359.013
-359.00999000000001615263 -> -359.01
 359.00999999999999090505 -> 359.01
   3.01357000000000008200 -> 3.014
   0.11111111099999999852 -> 0.111
   1.12233439999999995429 -> 1.122

Answer 2

To get rid of the trailing zeros, you should use the "%g" format:

float num = 1.33;
printf("%g", num); //output: 1.33

After the question was clarified a bit, that suppressing zeros is not the only thing that was asked, but limiting the output to three decimal places was required as well. I think that can't be done with sprintf format strings alone. As Pax Diablo pointed out, string manipulation would be required.

Answer 3

I like the answer of R. slightly tweaked:

float f = 1234.56789;
printf("%d.%.0f", f, 1000*(f-(int)f));

'1000' determines the precision.

Power to the 0.5 rounding.

EDIT

Ok, this answer was edited a few times and I lost track what I was thinking a few years back (and originally it did not fill all the criteria). So here is a new version (that fills all criteria and handles negative numbers correctly):

double f = 1234.05678900;
char s[100]; 
int decimals = 10;

sprintf(s,"%.*g", decimals, ((int)(pow(10, decimals)*(fabs(f) - abs((int)f)) +0.5))/pow(10,decimals));
printf("10 decimals: %d%s\n", (int)f, s+1);

And the test cases:

#import <stdio.h>
#import <stdlib.h>
#import <math.h>

int main(void){

    double f = 1234.05678900;
    char s[100];
    int decimals;

    decimals = 10;
    sprintf(s,"%.*g", decimals, ((int)(pow(10, decimals)*(fabs(f) - abs((int)f)) +0.5))/pow(10,decimals));
    printf("10 decimals: %d%s\n", (int)f, s+1);

    decimals = 3;
    sprintf(s,"%.*g", decimals, ((int)(pow(10, decimals)*(fabs(f) - abs((int)f)) +0.5))/pow(10,decimals));
    printf(" 3 decimals: %d%s\n", (int)f, s+1);

    f = -f;
    decimals = 10;
    sprintf(s,"%.*g", decimals, ((int)(pow(10, decimals)*(fabs(f) - abs((int)f)) +0.5))/pow(10,decimals));
    printf(" negative 10: %d%s\n", (int)f, s+1);

    decimals = 3;
    sprintf(s,"%.*g", decimals, ((int)(pow(10, decimals)*(fabs(f) - abs((int)f)) +0.5))/pow(10,decimals));
    printf(" negative  3: %d%s\n", (int)f, s+1);

    decimals = 2;
    f = 1.012;
    sprintf(s,"%.*g", decimals, ((int)(pow(10, decimals)*(fabs(f) - abs((int)f)) +0.5))/pow(10,decimals));
    printf(" additional : %d%s\n", (int)f, s+1);

    return 0;
}

And the output of the tests:

 10 decimals: 1234.056789
  3 decimals: 1234.057
 negative 10: -1234.056789
 negative  3: -1234.057
 additional : 1.01

Now, all criteria are met:

• maximum number of decimals behind the zero is fixed
• trailing zeros are removed
• it does it mathematically right (right?)
• works (now) also when first decimal is zero

Unfortunately this answer is a two-liner as sprintf does not return the string.

Answer 4

Why not just do this?

double f = 359.01335;
printf("%g", round(f * 1000.0) / 1000.0);

Answer 5

I search the string (starting rightmost) for the first character in the range 1 to 9 (ASCII value 49-57) then null (set to 0) each char right of it - see below:

void stripTrailingZeros(void) { 
    //This finds the index of the rightmost ASCII char[1-9] in array
    //All elements to the left of this are nulled (=0)
    int i = 20;
    unsigned char char1 = 0; //initialised to ensure entry to condition below

    while ((char1 > 57) || (char1 < 49)) {
        i--;
        char1 = sprintfBuffer[i];
    }

    //null chars left of i
    for (int j = i; j < 20; j++) {
        sprintfBuffer[i] = 0;
    }
}

Answer 6

What about something like this (might have rounding errors and negative-value issues that need debugging, left as an exercise for the reader):

printf("%.0d%.4g\n", (int)f/10, f-((int)f-(int)f%10));

It's slightly programmatic but at least it doesn't make you do any string manipulation.

Answer 7

Some of the highly voted solutions suggest the %g conversion specifier of printf. This is wrong because there are cases where %g will produce scientific notation. Other solutions use math to print the desired number of decimal digits.

I think the easiest solution is to use sprintf with the %f conversion specifier and to manually remove trailing zeros and possibly a decimal point from the result. Here's a C99 solution:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

char*
format_double(double d) {
    int size = snprintf(NULL, 0, "%.3f", d);
    char *str = malloc(size + 1);
    snprintf(str, size + 1, "%.3f", d);

    for (int i = size - 1, end = size; i >= 0; i--) {
        if (str[i] == '0') {
            if (end == i + 1) {
                end = i;
            }
        }
        else if (str[i] == '.') {
            if (end == i + 1) {
                end = i;
            }
            str[end] = '\0';
            break;
        }
    }

    return str;
}

Note that the characters used for digits and the decimal separator depend on the current locale. The code above assumes a C or US English locale.

Answer 8

A simple solution but it gets the job done, assigns a known length and precision and avoids the chance of going exponential format (which is a risk when you use %g):

// Since we are only interested in 3 decimal places, this function
// can avoid any potential miniscule floating point differences
// which can return false when using "=="
int DoubleEquals(double i, double j)
{
    return (fabs(i - j) < 0.000001);
}

void PrintMaxThreeDecimal(double d)
{
    if (DoubleEquals(d, floor(d)))
        printf("%.0f", d);
    else if (DoubleEquals(d * 10, floor(d * 10)))
        printf("%.1f", d);
    else if (DoubleEquals(d * 100, floor(d* 100)))
        printf("%.2f", d);
    else
        printf("%.3f", d);
}

Add or remove "elses" if you want a max of 2 decimals; 4 decimals; etc.

For example if you wanted 2 decimals:

void PrintMaxTwoDecimal(double d)
{
    if (DoubleEquals(d, floor(d)))
        printf("%.0f", d);
    else if (DoubleEquals(d * 10, floor(d * 10)))
        printf("%.1f", d);
    else
        printf("%.2f", d);
}

If you want to specify the minimum width to keep fields aligned, increment as necessary, for example:

void PrintAlignedMaxThreeDecimal(double d)
{
    if (DoubleEquals(d, floor(d)))
        printf("%7.0f", d);
    else if (DoubleEquals(d * 10, floor(d * 10)))
        printf("%9.1f", d);
    else if (DoubleEquals(d * 100, floor(d* 100)))
        printf("%10.2f", d);
    else
        printf("%11.3f", d);
}

You could also convert that to a function where you pass the desired width of the field:

void PrintAlignedWidthMaxThreeDecimal(int w, double d)
{
    if (DoubleEquals(d, floor(d)))
        printf("%*.0f", w-4, d);
    else if (DoubleEquals(d * 10, floor(d * 10)))
        printf("%*.1f", w-2, d);
    else if (DoubleEquals(d * 100, floor(d* 100)))
        printf("%*.2f", w-1, d);
    else
        printf("%*.3f", w, d);
}

Answer 9

I found problems in some of the solutions posted. I put this together based on answers above. It seems to work for me.

int doubleEquals(double i, double j) {
    return (fabs(i - j) < 0.000001);
}

void printTruncatedDouble(double dd, int max_len) {
    char str[50];
    int match = 0;
    for ( int ii = 0; ii < max_len; ii++ ) {
        if (doubleEquals(dd * pow(10,ii), floor(dd * pow(10,ii)))) {
            sprintf (str,"%f", round(dd*pow(10,ii))/pow(10,ii));
            match = 1;
            break;
        }
    }
    if ( match != 1 ) {
        sprintf (str,"%f", round(dd*pow(10,max_len))/pow(10,max_len));
    }
    char *pp;
    int count;
    pp = strchr (str,'.');
    if (pp != NULL) {
        count = max_len;
        while (count >= 0) {
             count--;
             if (*pp == '\0')
                 break;
             pp++;
        }
        *pp-- = '\0';
        while (*pp == '0')
            *pp-- = '\0';
        if (*pp == '.') {
            *pp = '\0';
        }
    }
    printf ("%s\n", str);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    printTruncatedDouble( -1.999, 2 ); // prints -2
    printTruncatedDouble( -1.006, 2 ); // prints -1.01
    printTruncatedDouble( -1.005, 2 ); // prints -1
    printf("\n");
    printTruncatedDouble( 1.005, 2 ); // prints 1 (should be 1.01?)
    printTruncatedDouble( 1.006, 2 ); // prints 1.01
    printTruncatedDouble( 1.999, 2 ); // prints 2
    printf("\n");
    printTruncatedDouble( -1.999, 3 ); // prints -1.999
    printTruncatedDouble( -1.001, 3 ); // prints -1.001
    printTruncatedDouble( -1.0005, 3 ); // prints -1.001 (shound be -1?)
    printTruncatedDouble( -1.0004, 3 ); // prints -1
    printf("\n");
    printTruncatedDouble( 1.0004, 3 ); // prints 1
    printTruncatedDouble( 1.0005, 3 ); // prints 1.001
    printTruncatedDouble( 1.001, 3 ); // prints 1.001
    printTruncatedDouble( 1.999, 3 ); // prints 1.999
    printf("\n");
    exit(0);
}

Answer 10

My idea is to calculate the required precision that would not result in trailing zeroes for a given double value and pass it to the "%1.*f" format in printf(). This can even be done as one-liner:

int main() {
    double r=1234.56789;
    int precision=3;
    printf(L"%1.*f", prec(r, precision), r);
}

int prec(const double& r, int precision)
{
    double rPos = (r < 0)? -r : r;
    double nkd = fmod(rPos, 1.0); // 0..0.99999999
    int i, ex10 = 1;
    for (i = 0; i < precision; ++i)
        ex10 *= 10;
    int nki = (int)(nkd * ex10 + 0.5);

    // "Eliminate" trailing zeroes
    int requiredPrecision = precision;
    for (; requiredPrecision && !(nki % 10); )  {
        --requiredPrecision;
        nki /= 10;
    }
    return requiredPrecision;        
}

And here is another %g solution. You should always provide a format precision that is "wide enough" (default is only 6) and round the value. I think this is a nice way to do it:

double round(const double &value, const double& rounding)  {
    return rounding!=0 ? floor(value/rounding + 0.5)*rounding : value;
}

printf("%.12g" round(val, 0.001)); // prints up to 3 relevant digits