Are invisible references still an issue in recent JVMs?

Question

I was reading Java Platform Performance (sadly the link seems to have disappeared from the internet since I originally posed this question) and section A.3.3 worried me.

I had been working on the assumption that a variable that dropped out of scope would no longer be considered a GC root, but this paper appears to contradict that.

Do recent JVMs, in particular Sun's 1.6.0_07 version, still have this limitation? If so, then I have a lot of code to analyse...

I ask the question because the paper is from 1999 - sometimes things change, particularly in the world of GC.

---

As the paper is no longer available, I'd like to paraphrase the concern. The paper implied that variables that were defined inside a method would be considered a GC root until the method exited, and not until the code block ended. Therefore setting the variable to null was necessary to permit the Object referenced to be garbage collected.

This meant that a local variable defined in a conditional block in the main() method (or similar method that contained an infinite loop) would cause a one-off memory leak unless you nulled a variable just before it dropped out of scope.

The code from the chosen answer illustrates the issue well. On the version of the JVM referenced in the document, the foo object can not be garbage collected when it drops out of scope at the end of the try block. Instead, the JVM will hold open the reference until the end of the main() method, even though it is impossible for anything to use that reference.

This appears to be the origin of the idea that nulling a variable reference would help the garbage collector out, even if the variable was just about to drop out of scope.

Answer 1

This code should clear it up:

public class TestInvisibleObject{
  public static class PrintWhenFinalized{
    private String s;
    public PrintWhenFinalized(String s){
      System.out.println("Constructing from "+s);
      this.s = s;
    }
    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
      System.out.println("Finalizing from "+s);
    }   
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    try {
        PrintWhenFinalized foo = new PrintWhenFinalized("main");
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // whatever
    }
    while (true) {
      // Provoke garbage-collection by allocating lots of memory
      byte[] o = new byte[1024];
    } 
  }
}

On my machine (jdk1.6.0_05) it prints:

Constructing from main

Finalizing from main

So it looks like the problems has been fixed.

Note that using System.gc() instead of the loop does not cause the object to be collected for some reason.

Answer 2

The problem is still there. I tested it with Java 8 and could prove it.

You should note the following things:

1. The only way to force a guaranteed garbage collection is to try an allocation which ends in an OutOfMemoryError as the JVM is required to try freeing unused objects before throwing. This however does not hold if the requested amount is too large to ever succeed, i.e. excesses the address space. Trying to raise the allocation until getting an OOME is a good strategy.

2. The guaranteed GC described in Point 1 does not guaranty a finalization. The time when finalize() methods are invoked is not specified, they might be never called at all. So adding a finalize() method to a class might prevent its instances from being collected, so finalize is not a good choice to analyse GC behavior.

3. Creating another new local variable after a local variable went out of scope will reuse its place in the stack frame. In the following example, object a will be collected as its place in the stack frame is occupied by the local variable b. But b last until the end of the main method as there is no other local variable to occupy its place.

   import java.lang.ref.*;
   
   public class Test {
       static final ReferenceQueue<Object> RQ=new ReferenceQueue<>();
       static Reference<Object> A, B;
       public static void main(String[] s) {
           {
               Object a=new Object();
               A=new PhantomReference<>(a, RQ);
           }
           {
               Object b=new Object();
               B=new PhantomReference<>(b, RQ);
           }
           forceGC();
           checkGC();
       }
   
       private static void forceGC() {
           try {
               for(int i=100000;;i+=i) {
                 byte[] b=new byte[i];
               }
           } catch(OutOfMemoryError err){ err.printStackTrace();}
       }
   
       private static void checkGC() {
           for(;;) {
               Reference<?> r=RQ.poll();
               if(r==null) break;
               if(r==A) System.out.println("Object a collected");
               if(r==B) System.out.println("Object b collected");
           }
       }
   }
   

Answer 3

The article states that:

... an efficient implementation of the JVM is unlikely to zero the reference when it goes out of scope

I think this happens because of situations like this:

public void doSomething() {  
    for(int i = 0; i < 10 ; i++) {
       String s = new String("boo");
       System.out.println(s);
    }
}

Here, the same reference is used by the "efficient JVM" in each declaration of String s, but there will be 10 new Strings in the heap if the GC doesn't kick in.

In the article example I think that the reference to foo keeps in the stack because the "efficient JVM" thinks that is very likely that another foo object will be created and, if so, it will use the same reference. Thoughts???

public void run() {
    try {
        Object foo = new Object();
        foo.doSomething();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        // whatever
    }
    while (true) { // do stuff } // loop forever
}

I've also performed the next test with profiling:

public class A {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        A a = new A();  
        a.test4();
    }

    public void test1() {  
        for(int i = 0; i < 10 ; i++) {
           B b = new B();
           System.out.println(b.toString());
        }
        System.out.println("b is collected");
    }

    public void test2() {
        try {
            B b = new B();
            System.out.println(b.toString());
        } catch (Exception e) {
        }
        System.out.println("b is invisible");
    }

    public void test3() {
        if (true) {
            B b = new B();
            System.out.println(b.toString());
        }
        System.out.println("b is invisible");
    }

    public void test4() {
        int i = 0;
        while (i < 10) {
            B b = new B();
            System.out.println(b.toString());
            i++;
        }
        System.out.println("b is collected");
    }

    public A() {
    }

    class B {
        public B() {
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "I'm B.";
        }
    }
}

and come to the conclusions:

teste1 -> b is collected

teste2 -> b is invisible

teste3 -> b is invisible

teste4 -> b is collected

... so I think that, in loops, the JVM doesn't create invisible variables when the loop ends because it's unlikely they will be declared again outside the loop.

Any Thoughts??