Adding attributes to python objects

Question

It's a thing that bugged me for a while. Why can't I do:

>>> a = "" >>> a.foo = 2 Traceback (most recent call last):   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'foo' 

...while I can do the following?

>>> class Bar(): ...     pass ...  >>> a = Bar() >>> a.foo = 10 #ok! 

What's the rule here? Could you please point me to some description?

Answer 1

You can add attributes to any object that has a __dict__.

• x = object() doesn't have it, for example.
• Strings and other simple builtin objects also don't have it.
• Classes using __slots__ also do not have it.
• Classes defined with class have it unless the previous statement applies.

If an object is using __slots__ / doesn't have a __dict__, it's usually to save space. For example, in a str it would be overkill to have a dict - imagine the amount of bloat for a very short string.

If you want to test if a given object has a __dict__, you can use hasattr(obj, '__dict__').

This might also be interesting to read:

Some objects, such as built-in types and their instances (lists, tuples, etc.) do not have a __dict__. Consequently user-defined attributes cannot be set on them.

Another interesting article about Python's data model including __dict__, __slots__, etc. is this from the python reference.