Abstract methods in Python

Question

I need something like an abstract protected method in Python (3.2):

class Abstract:     def use_concrete_implementation(self):         print(self._concrete_method())      def _concrete_method(self):         raise NotImplementedError()   class Concrete(Abstract):     def _concrete_method(self):         return 2 * 3 

Is it actually useful to define an "abstract" method only to raise a NotImplementedError?

Is it good style to use an underscore for abstract methods, that would be protected in other languages?

Would an abstract base class (abc) improve anything?

Answer 1

In Python, you usually avoid having such abstract methods alltogether. You define an interface by the documentation, and simply assume the objects that are passed in fulfil that interface ("duck typing").

If you really want to define an abstract base class with abstract methods, this can be done using the abc module:

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod  class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):     def use_concrete_implementation(self):         print(self._concrete_method())      @abstractmethod     def _concrete_method(self):         pass  class Concrete(Abstract):     def _concrete_method(self):         return 2 * 3 

Again, that is not the usual Python way to do things. One of the main objectives of the abc module was to introduce a mechanism to overload isinstance(), but isinstance() checks are normally avoided in favour of duck typing. Use it if you need it, but not as a general pattern for defining interfaces.