A function's static and dynamic parent

Question

I'm reading Thinking in C++ (vol. 2):

Whenever a function is called, information about that function is pushed onto the runtime stack in an activation record instance (ARI), also called a stack frame. A typical stack frame contains (1) the address of the calling function (so execution can return to it), (2) a pointer to the ARI of the function’s static parent (the scope that lexically contains the called function, so variables global to the function can be accessed), and (3) a pointer to the function that called it (its dynamic parent). The path that logically results from repetitively following the dynamic parent links is the dynamic chain, or call chain

I'm unable to comprehend what the author means as function's static and dynamic parent. Also am not able to differentiate between item 1, 2 or 3. They all seem to be the same. Can someone please explain this passage to me?

Answer 1

I think this statement is not about C++ but general structure of stack frame. 1) is return address - address of instruction after call in main function. when return is performed it will be poped from stack and execution will go to that point (valid for c++) 2) and 3) are valid for languages that allow nested functions. (Function declared inside function) such functions may have access to parent's variables, so they have link (static link) to parent's stack frame and dynamic link is for this functions to be able call themselves recursively